This book is about a Baha’is family who is suffering in Iran by Islamic Republic of Iran government where all religions are forbidden to practice except Islam which is official-political religion. Restricted religion people are trying to escape from Iran to save their lives. Ramin and his wife, Irandookht trying to escape from Iran by human trafficker by unofficial borders but got trap and fell in problem to execution. They finally succeeded to mange escape again and save their lives.
The novel Defeated Muslim Jihad is based on the realities and living in our century when human beings die in captivity of religion and under the shoes of clerics of religions and sects. And they do not pass over any human being, prophets, or God, and they sacrifice the world and humans and humanity for their souls and desires in order to achieve their evil gratification. In order to reach Satan and rely on the seat of Satan’s power and place his crown on their heads and take the power over the world, not only do they sacrifice human beings for their aspirations, but even sacrifice God and prophets for their satanic aspirations and souls behind the stronghold of religion and in the clothes of the prophets.
Seyed Mohammad Moghimi examines both the everyday and the theoretical insights offered by Islamic sources for managing organizational behavior. He takes a wide-ranging approach to key organizational issues, including organizational communication, organizational leadership, conflict management, and organizational culture and ethics.
The studies in this volume go beyond the question of the authenticity of Prophetic narrations. By approaching hadith narrations and literature from various perspectives, the authors seek to push the field of Hadith Studies in a new and promising direction.
The traditional doctrine of Islamic law in regard to international re lations is well known. The Shari'a includes many excellent provisions about declarations of war, treaties of peace, armistices, diplomatic envoys, negotiations and guarantees of safe conduct. But the fact remains that it divides the world, broadly speaking, into the "Abode of Islam" and the "Abode of 'War," and that it envisages the continu ance of intermittent war between them until the latter is absorbed in the former. In the course of such fighting, and in the intervals in be tween, many civilities were to be meticulously observed; but prisoners of war could be killed, sold or enslaved at the discretion of the Muslim authorities, and the women of those who resisted the advance of Islam could be taken as slave-concubines, regardless of whether they were single or married. The "Abode of Islam" did not, indeed, consist ex clusively of Muslims, for those whose religion was based on a book accepted by Islam as originally inspired and in practice, indeed, those other religions too - were not forced to embrace Islam but only to accept Muslim rule. They were granted the status of dhimmis, were protected in their persons and their property, were allowed to follow their own religion in an unobtrusive fashion, and were accorded the position of essentially second-class citizens. They were also of course, perfectly free to embrace Islam; but for a Muslim to be converted to another faith involved the death penalty.
This book examines the political and economic dimensions of food security in Bangladesh and assesses the role of the state in meeting the challenges of food security. The key concern, which is at the heart of this study, is to explore how Bangladesh responds, when its people go hungry. There are no detailed empirical studies that examine the Bangladesh’s role by providing an historical cum political analysis; however conventional approaches are primarily concerned with a partial diagnosis of the economic or nutritional problems of food security. The book then provides a detailed picture of the missing dimensions of state that include the strength of institutions, the scope of state functions, and other important attributes. In doing so, it uses the concept of neo-patrimonialism to explore the political system of Bangladesh. This book explicates the various impediments to food security, ranging from the process of policy formulation to their implementation mechanisms. It unpacks the structural weaknesses of the Bangladesh's institutional capacity in promoting food security, and, in the process, argues that the root cause of food insecurity is deeply embedded in the nature of the government itself, and the political institutions that link the state and society.
Winner of the I.R. Iran World Award for Book of the Year In The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam, leading Islamic law expert Mohammad Hashim Kamali examines the concept of wasatiyyah, or moderation, arguing that scholars, religious communities, and policy circles alike must have access to this governing principle that drives the silent majority of Muslims, rather than focusing on the extremist fringe. Kamali explores wasatiyyah in both historical/conceptual terms and in contemporary/practical terms. Tracing the definition and scope of the concept from the foundational sources of Islam, the Qu'ran and Hadith, he demonstrates that wasatiyyah has a long and well-developed history in Islamic law and applies the concept to contemporary issues of global policy, such as justice, women's rights, environmental and financial balance, and globalization. Framing his work as an open dialogue against a now-decades long formulation of the arguably destructive Huntingtonian "clash of civilizations" thesis as well as the public rhetoric of fear of Muslim extremism since the attacks of September 11, 2001, Kamali connects historical conceptions of wasatiyyah to the themes of state and international law, governance, and cultural maladies in the Muslim world and beyond. Both a descriptive and prescriptive meditation on a key but often neglected principle of Islam, The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam provides insight into an idea that is in the strategic interest of the West both to show and practice for themselves and to recognize in Muslim countries.
Pembentukan institusi kekeluargaan Islam bukan hanya dilihat kepada kewujudan hubungan sosial antara suami, isteri dan anak-anak, bahkan ia haruslah berpandukan hukum-hakam Islam sebagai teras pembentukan keluarga agar mawaddah, rahmah dan sakinah sentiasa memenuhi segenap ruang rumah tangga yang dibina. Buku ini mengupas mengenai hukum-hakam pembentukan institusi kekeluargaan Islam bermula daripada panduan memilih pasangan sehingga kepada perceraian dan hak penjagaan anak-anak. Perbincangan buku ini digarap berdasarkan mazhab Syafi'i sebagai pandangan utama dan diperkemaskan dengan rujukan terhadap Enakmen Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Negeri Pulau Pinang) 2004.
Challenging the conservative framers of Islamic law who accorded a lesser status to women, Mohammad Ali Syed argues that the Quran and the Hadith—the two primary sources of Islamic law—actually place Muslim women on the same level as Muslim men. Syed provides an overview of both sources and explores their respective roles in Islamic law, emphasizing the Quran's role as the supreme authority and questioning the authenticity of some of the alleged sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). From these texts, he elaborates women's rights in a variety of areas, including treatment by God; marriage, divorce, financial provisions, and custody of children; coming out of seclusion (purdah), and taking part in social, economic, legal, and political activities. Rather than presenting what is practiced today, the book covers the theoretical position of Muslim women as sanctioned by the Quran and the authentic Hadith and offers a glimpse of the exalted position of honor and dignity enjoyed by Muslim women in the early days of Islam. This well-researched book is made more distinctive by the author's personal experience. Raised in Bengal, India, Syed was inspired by his family, who valued men and women equally. As he grew up, Syed realized that most Muslim women lived very differently than the women of his family. According to the author, his family was egalitarian because his father and male relatives were not only devout Muslims but also very knowledgeable about Islam. This book is a culmination of his lifelong concern for women's rights under Islam.
The rapid expansion of the halal industry and its markets has occurred not only in the heavily Islamic regions of Southeast Asia and the Middle East, but also in more unexpected countries such as Turkey, Japan, and South Korea, plus many others around the world. Yet despite both the increasing number of practicing Muslims and the demand for halal products worldwide, a base of scholarship on the subject has never emerged. The industry has been more market driven rather than knowledge driven. As such, industry operators have frequently drawn attention to the absence of such an authoritative text, one that would elucidate the shariah credibly of halal as well as its market presence. Mohammad Hashim Kamali's Shariah and the Halal Industry is designed to fill this gap. The first of its kind in the English language, the book is written in an accessible and reader-friendly style by a world-renowned authority on Islamic law and jurisprudence. The book serves as a reference on the shariah foundations of halal and meets the needs not only of industry operators and decision-makers, but also of students, scholars of Islam, and the many practicing Muslims who are customers of the halal industry across the globe. The book can also serve to educate the general public and non-specialist readers on Islam and shariah law at-large.
Mohammad Fadel's scholarship on Islamic law and legal history ranges from medieval institutions and the history of Islamic legal interpretation to urgent problems relating to the modern reception and re-assessment of Islamic legal doctrine. Fadel's intellectual concerns focus primarily on the compatibility of the Islamic legal tradition with modern liberal political arrangements, but in his research and writing he also delves into the realm of premodern Islamic legal thought and institutions. His Rawlsian approach leads him to a political reading of the Islamic legal tradition, which he accomplishes by teasing out jurists' assumptions about politics, economics, and the domestic sphere. Fadel's readings of Islamic legal sources suggest that Islamic law remains relevant to a society in which legitimate disagreements over law and morality seem intractable. At the same time, from the Rawlsian perspective he adopts, Fadel reminds us that premodern Muslim jurists formulated Islamic law also under conditions of substantial controversy over matters of law and morality, as well as over questions of religion, politics, theology, and metaphysics. The studies gathered together in this volume adroitly illustrate Fadel's interest in Islamic law as a domain of Islamic political thought and as a framework that might be deployed in today's pluralistic and secularized societies.
The book deals with dual role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is beneficial and harmful at below and above threshold limits, respectively. To date, the emphasis has been laid only on ROS aspects damaging/ disrupting cellular machinery and inflicting crop productivity loss. The ROS is believed to be a hallmark of both abiotic and biotic stress. However, the recent researches have unambiguously established that the ROS at below threshold confers protection against both abiotic and biotic stress, augmenting crop productivity. This emphasizes for a proper understanding of ROS based physio-molecular mechanisms and their upgradation in crops to adapt them to stress conditions. As a result, the cultivation area of various economically important crops and their productivity and quality can be enhanced, arresting degradation of sites, improving environment quality and mitigating ill impact of climate change. The book encompasses recent information on positive and negative impact of ROS on stress tolerance mechanisms and their management in augmenting crop performance. The information has been well illustrated and categorized in several chapters crafted lucidly, maintaining connectivity and synergy with each other. The book provides up-to-date comprehensive scientific information dual role of ROS, hitherto neglected, in crop abiotic and biotic stress management that would immensely benefit and educate graduate/ post graduate students, entrepreneurs, researchers, scientists and faculty members alike.
This book studies the engagement of various Muslim communities with Bihar politics from colonial times to present-day India. It debunks several myths in highlighting Muslim resistance to the Two-Nation theory, and counters the ‘Isolation Syndrome’ faced by Muslim communities after Independence. Using rare archival sources and hitherto unexamined Urdu texts, this book offers a nuanced exploration of complex themes such as the struggle against Bengali hegemony, communalism, regionalism and alienation before Independence, recent language politics, the political assertion of low-caste Muslims in current Bihar, as well as their quest for social and gender justice. An important contribution to the study of South Asian Islam, this book will interest students and scholars of modern Indian history, politics, sociology, religion, gender, and minority studies.
It was a pleasant surprise for me Ashraf Chaudhry, a capable and inspiring professor of English Literature and my friend and my colleague of 35 years, turn into a forceful political analyst, an enlightened commentator of national and international affairs, and an active sponsor of interfaith harmony in a foreign land. I have been reading his discourses on varied subjects with interest and am always impressed by the deep thinking and extensive reading that goes into writing them. This collection is a valuable contribution and should be welcomed by those who wish to read thoughts of a mature Pakistani mind in real perspective. Prof. M. H. Hamdani, former Principal, F. G. Syed College, Rawalpindi ****** Mr. Ashraf Chaudhry is one of Pakistan Link's most distinguished writers. His articles are studded with facts and figures that are strikingly revealing and wholly incontrovertible. The more learned and serious-minded readers admire Mr. Chaudhry for his insight, scholarship, and perspicacity. Akhtar Mahmud Faruqui, editor, Pakistan Link. ****** "In Rawalpindi, Professor Ashraf Chaudhry and I were neighbors. He was my senior. When the sub continent was divided in 1947, and PAkistan emerged as a new State, our parents migrated from the Indian territory to Pakistan. Prof. Chaundhry was a very brilliant and hard working student from his very childhood. He is a self-made man. I have read some of his articles and columns in the Pakistan Link. I was much impressed by the candidness and clarity of vision he brings to his writings. He supports democrary and condemns dictaorship. He writes on human rights and human values and believes in the presence of goodness in all human beings. He rejects sectarian and radical approach in religion, and stresses on the need of a pluralist aspect of religion. Often he underpins the problems, offers cautiously some solutions, and is never hesitant in naming the culprits. He rewards and censures the same political actors, depending on their performance, and hold no personal grudge against any one of them." Dr. Maqsood Jafri, author and political activist.
Architectural inscriptions are a fascinating aspect of Islamic cultural heritage because of their rich and diverse historical contents and artistic merits. These inscriptions help us understand the advent of Islam and its gradual diffusion in Bengal, which eventually resulted in a Muslim majority region, making the Bengali Muslims the second largest linguistic group in the Islamic world. This book is an interpretive study of the Arabic and Persian epigraphic texts of Bengal in the wider context of a rich epigraphic tradition in the Islamic world. While focusing on previously untapped sources, it takes a fresh look into the Islamic inscriptions of Bengal and examines the inner dynamics of the social, intellectual and religious transformations of this eastern region of South Asia. It explores many new inscriptions including Persian epigraphs that appeared immediately after the Muslim conquest of Bengal indicating an early introduction of Persian language in the region through a cultural interaction with Khurasan and Central Asia. In addition to deciphering and editing the epigraphic texts, the information derived from them has been analyzed to construct the political, administrative, social, religious and cultural scenario of the period. The first survey of the Muslim inscriptions in India ever to be attempted on this scale, the book reveals the significance of epigraphy as a source for Islamic history and culture. As such, it will be of interest to students and scholars of Asian Studies, Asian History and Islamic Studies.
This book is the first major study of provincial history in the Qajar period. Drawing extensively on unpublished Iranian and British documents, it explores the history of Mazandaran, a province in the Caspian region, during 1848-1914, when the province as a part of Iran was exposed to the policies of rival great powers, particularly Tzarist Russia. While showing socio-economic characteristics of Mazandaran and its potential for development, the book examines in detail the transformation of the traditional provincial community and economy in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Islam is an all inclusive way of life which covers the intellect and the real, the theoretical and the practical. The major part of the Islamic code of practice and behavior is formalised in the discipline of Islamic law which established itself as a discipline before other Islamic disciplines. The early Muslim jurisconsultants are to be credited as the pioneers of the development of the Islamic legal system. Shaikh Mohammad ibn Hasan ibn 'Ali Abu Ja'far al-Tusi (385-460 AH/995-1067 AD), who was given the honorary title of Shaikh al-Ta'ifat al-Imamiyyah (The Head of the Shi'a Islamic School) was at the orefront of these pioneers. His book Al-Nihayah fi Mojarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatawa (A Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions) has been recognised as one of the major early sources, references and textbooks in the field of Islamic Law in general and of Shi'a Islamic law in particular. This book has been translated, edited and introduced by Professor A. Ezzati, and published by ICAS Press as the present volume.
For the public at large Shi’ism often implies a host of confused representations, suggesting more often than not obscurantism, intolerance, political violence and other ignominies running hot or cold in response to world events. In fact for many people, Shi’ism stands for "radical Islam", or – worse – "Islamic terrorism". In some respects, nothing is more familiar than Shi’ism, and yet nothing is more misunderstood. For some twenty years the media have increased their coverage of the phenomenon. Never, or only rarely, do they formulate the question we ask here: what is Shi’ism? What is this belief that inspires millions of people dispersed throughout the world? This book provides a broad based introduction to Shi’i Islam. It examines what the Shi’i believe, how they see themselves and how they view the world. It includes a thorough examination of doctrine, philosophy, the Shi’i approach to the Qur’an and the historical evolution of Shi’ism as a branch of Islam. Too often, and too quickly, the conclusion is drawn that Shi’ism is a marginal heretical sect, fundamentally alien to the deeper truth of the great religion of Islam, thrust by historical accident onto the political stage. Shi’ism either speaks the truth of Islam, meaning that it is a truth of terror, or it is entirely foreign to Islam and, therefore, merits outright rejection, as Islamic fundamentalists and some individuals repeatedly claim. This book intends to explain why such common misunderstandings of Shi’ism have taken root. Written in an accessible format and providing a thorough overview of Shi’ism, this book will be an essential text for students and scholars of Islamic Studies or Iranian Studies.
This study is about a popular manifestation of Islamic devotion that embraces a pluralist setting, keeping itself in a dynamic dialogue with non-Muslim practices. With evidence from various public devotional narratives and ritual practices, the author argues that even universal understanding of living Islam remains incomplete if we do not consider this locally produced pluralised devotional setting that surrounds it. He seeks to address various aspects of local and localised Islam through an examination of Gugudu's local and popular transformation of normative Islam, giving particular focus to the various devotional rituals that blend Muslim and Hindu practices in the public event of Muharram.
The well-known invocation called Tasbih of Lady Fatimah (a) is a common practice among believers as it is recommended to recite it frequently, especially after the daily prayers. As a result of its common practice, there is great need to know more about its significance and meaning. In this book, we are going to reflect on the performance, the merits, history, and meaning of the Tasbiḥ of Lady Fatimah (a), particularly in light of a more general discussion on tasbih, or glorification of Allah (swt), to enable us to benefit more from it in our life journey. There are many references to this tasbih. For example, when recommended supplications after the daily ritual prayer (ta‘qībāt) are brought up in our major hadith compilations, this tasbih is highlighted. Moreover, this tasbih is also studied in the field of jurisprudence (fiqh) in association with daily prayers, and in the books on early history of Islam in association with the events of the life of Lady Fatimah (a) and Imam Ali (a). The present work was initially conceived of as a series of three lectures delivered in Feb 2019 in London on the occasion of the demise anniversary of Lady Fatimah. The lectures were 6 later organised and revised with references checked and bibliographical data added.
The second largest branch of Islam, with between 130 and 190 million adherents across the globe, Shi'i Islam is becoming an increasingly significant force in contemporary politics, especially in the Middle East. This makes an informed understanding of its fundamental spiritual beliefs and practices both necessary and timely. Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi is one of the most distinguished scholars of Shi'i history and theology, and in this volume he offers a wide-ranging and engaging survey of the core texts of Shi'i Islam. Examining in turn the origins and later developments of Shi'i spirituality, the author reveals the profoundly esoteric nature of the beliefs which accrued to the figures of the early Imams, and which became associated with their interaction between the material and spiritual worlds. Many of these beliefs have remained much misunderstood even within the wider Muslim world. Furthermore, Western scholarship has tended to follow the lead of the earlier orientalists and critics, viewing Shi'i teachings as marginal. In this study the author shows, by contrast, how central and creative the very nature of spirituality was to the development of Shi'i Islam, as well as to classical Muslim civilisation as a whole. In this comprehensive treatment, the esoteric nature of Shi'i spirituality emerges as an essential phenomenon for understanding Shi'i Islam.
I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies Among the considerable oeuvre of Muhammad al-Shahrastani (1086–1153), the prominent Persian theologian and heresiographer, the Majlis-i maktub ('The Transcribed Sermon') is his only known work in Persian. First delivered as a sermon in Khwarazm in Central Asia, this treatise invokes the theme of creation and command, providing an esoteric cosmological narrative where faith, revelation, prophecy and the spiritual authority of the Household of the Prophet are interwoven. The Majlis-i maktub further discusses themes such as the evolution of religious law (shari'at) and its culmination in the qiyamat (resurrection), the relation between free will and predestination, the interplay between the exoteric and esoteric aspects of faith, and the role and function of the Shi?i Imams in the cosmological narrative. This treatise is arguably the most dense expression of al-Shahrastani's thought, and it demonstrably indicates the Ismaili inclination of this Muslim scholar who has usually been regarded as a Shafi'i-Ash'ari. Daryoush Mohammad Poor's comparative study of this treatise and the corpus of Nizari Ismaili literature from the Alamut period (1090–1256) reveals the massive impact of al-Shahrastani's thought on every aspect of the doctrines of Nizari Ismailis.
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution was the twentieth century’s first such political movement in the Middle East. It represented a landmark in Iranian history because of the unlikely support it received from Shi‘ite clerics who historically viewed Western concepts with suspicion, some claiming constitutionalism to be anti-Islamic. Leading the support was Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, the renowned Shi‘ite jurist who conceived of a supporting role for the clergy in a modern Iranian political system. Drawing on extensive analysis of religious texts, fatwas, and articles written by Khurasani an other pro- and anti-constitutionalists, Farzaneh provides a comprehensive and illuminating interpretation of Khurasani’s religious pragmatism. Despite some opposition from his peers, Khurasani used a form of jurisprudential reasoning when creating shari‘a that was based on human intellect to justify his support of not only the Iranian parliament but also the political powers of clerics. He had a reputation across the Shi‘ite community as a masterful religious scholar, a skillful teacher, and a committed humanitarian who heeded the people’s socioeconomic and political grievances and took action to address them. Khurasani’s push for progressive reforms helped to inaugurate a new era of clerical involvement in constitutionalism in the Middle East.
Bakri Musa makes a persuasive argument for Malaysia to embrace globalization with conviction. It is the ticket to her Vision 2020 aspirations. Malaysia was well on her way to join the global mainstream when the 1997 economic crisis interrupted that trajectory. It is now time, the writer passionately pleads, to return to that path. Yes there are sandbars and reefs, together with the inevitable storms and swells in the ocean of globalization. This calls for skillful navigators and sailors ready to trim the sails and batten the hatches. The alternative would be to remain in port, not an attractive option. The writer offers specific prescriptions on how best to meet those challenges, from enhanced health care to superior education system, and by exposing Malaysians to greater competition. As Islam is a pervasive influence in Malaysia, the writer calls for an enlightened interpretation of the faith, one more in tune with its ideals of tolerance for diversity, reverence for learning, and a passion for trade. The writer draws lessons from as far away as Argentina and as far back as the ancient Muslims, and from sociology to biology. The perspectives offered here are refreshing departures from the wisdom currently emanating from Kuala Lumpur.
Analysing the evolution of Lahore’s social organization, culture and ideologies since Pakistan’s independence in 1947, this book explores how social and cultural changes affect the social economy, spatial structure and the urban environment. It uncovers the internal dynamics and functional order of the city that sustain everyday life, despite its challenges and seemingly disorderly institutions. The book offers a strategic vision for the city’s development that emphasizes equitable policies for public utilities and the built environment. In addition, the author proposes a complementary programme for social development and civic ethos. This book will be a valuable resource for academics and students in the fields of urban planning, geography, urban studies and sociology and those interested in the urbanism of the global south, particularly Pakistan.
There are sections of Islamic History which mention Hasan-i-Sabbah briefly but no writer treats the subject in details. Hodgson and Lewis published under a misleading title of Assassinsand more recently F. Daftary wrote a general history of the Ismailis. Thus there is a need of a book covering the topic in greater depth and details. Hasan Sabbah; His life and thought, covers the history of the Middle East Crusade Period. It also deals with the founder of the Nizari Ismaili State in the North Iran and Syria and against the powerful Seljuks and the Sunni Caliphate of Islam.
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1930) is Muhammad Iqbal's major philosophic work: a series of profound reflections on the perennial conflict among science, religion, and philosophy, culminating in new visions of the unity of human knowledge, of the human spirit, and of God. Iqbal's thought contributed significantly to the establishment of Pakistan, to the religious and political ideals of the Iranian Revolution, and to the survival of Muslim identity in parts of the former USSR. It now serves as new bridge between East and West and between Islam and the other Religions of the Book. With a new Introduction by Javed Majeed, this edition of The Reconstruction opens the teachings of Iqbal to the modern, Western reader. It will be essential reading for all those interested in Islamic intellectual history, the renewal of Islam in the modern world, and political theory of Islam's relationship to the West.
Islam, after many centuries, in the worlds most open, intellectually developed, and creative civilization has lost its way for a long time. Muslims are now engaged in sectarian rivalries and mutually destructive activities, simultaneously developing a narrow view of the broader worldfailing to make much progress for a long time and acting aimlessly they seem to be a misfit with other people. Along with the usual ideas of reformation of Islam, this book incorporates many lateral and radical thoughts. These may inspire Muslims to regain vitality, make progress, and live in harmony with other people for a peaceful world.
In Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation, Mohammad Kamali considers problems associated with and proposals for reform of the hudud punishments prescribed by Islamic criminal law, and other topics related to crime and punishment in Shariah. He examines what the Qur'an and hadith say about hudud punishments, as well as just retaliation (qisas), and discretionary punishments (ta'zir), and looks at modern-day applications of Islamic criminal law in 15 Muslim countries. Particular attention is given to developments in Malaysia, a multi-religious society, federal state, and self-described democracy, where a lively debate about hudud has been on-going for the last three decades. Malaysia presents a particularly interesting case study of how a reasonably successful country with a market economy, high levels of exposure to the outside world, and a credible claim to inclusivity, deals with Islamic and Shariah-related issues. Kamali concludes that there is a significant gap between the theory and practice of hudud in the scriptural sources of Shariah and the scholastic articulations of jurisprudence of the various schools of Islamic law, arguing that literalism has led to such rigidity as to make Islamic criminal law effectively a dead letter. His goal is to provide a fresh reading of the sources of Shariah and demonstrate how the Qur'an and Sunnah can show the way forward to needed reforms of Islamic criminal law.
Translated from the Urdu by Khushwant Singh. Umrao Jan Ada is perhaps one of the most enigmatic and forgotten female figures in South Asian Literature. The question of her existence, her beauty, her scholarly abilities and her poetic gift remain a mystery. The book is an account of Umrao's life as a Lucknawi courtesan, a nautch girl, delivered in first person by Umrao herself, and documented by a close friend. Written more than a hundred years ago, the novel recreates the gracious ambience of old Lucknow and takes the reader on a fascinating journey through the palaces of wealthy nawabs, the hideouts of the colorful vagabonds and the luxurious abodes of the city's courtesans.
‘Alī, son of Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad’s son-in-law and cousin, is the only Companion of the Prophet who has remained to this day the object of fervent devotion of hundreds of millions of followers in the lands of Islam, especially in the East. Based on a detailed analysis of several categories of sources, this book demonstrates that Shi‘ism is the religion of the Imam, of the Master of Wisdom, just like Christianity is that of Christ, and that ‘Alī is the first Master and Imam par excellence. Shi‘ism can therefore be defined, in its most specific religious aspects, as the absolute faith in ‘Alī: the divine Man, the most perfect manifestation of God’s attributes, simultaneously spiritual refuge, model and horizon. With contributions by Orkhan Mir-Kasimov & Mathieu Terrier Translated from French by Francisco José Luis & Anthony Gledhill
The Umayyad caliphate, ruling over much of what is now the modern Middle East after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, governe from Damascus from 661 to750CE, when they were expelled by the Abbasids. Here, Mohammad Rihan sheds light on the tribal system of this empir, by looking at one of its Syrian tribes; the 'Amila, based around today's Jabal 'Amil in southern Lebanon. Using this tribe as a lens through which to examine the wider Umayyad world, he looks at the political structures and conflicts that prevailed at the time, seeking to nuance the understanding of the relationship between the tribes and the ruling elite. For Rihan, early Islamic political history can only be understood in the context of the tribal history. This book thus illustrates how the political and social milieu of the 'Amila tribe sheds light on the wider history of the Umayyad world. Utilizing a wide range of sources, from the books of genealogies to poetry, Rihan expertly portrays Umayyad political life. First providing a background on 'Amila's tribal structure and its functions and dynamics, Rihan then presents the pre-Islamic past of the tribe. Building on this, he then investigates the role the 'Amila played in the emergence of the Umayyad state to understand the ways in which political life developed for the tribes and their relations with those holding political power in the region. By exploring the literature, culture, kinship structures and the socio-political conditions of the tribe, this book highlights the ways in which alliances and divisions shifted and were used by caliphs of the period and offers new insights into the Middle East at a pivotal point in its early and medieval history. This historical analysis thus not only illuminates the political condition of the Umayyad world, but also investigates the ever-important relationship between tribal political structures and state-based rule.
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