Theoretical Concepts of Photocatalysis offers a systematic overview of photocatalysis while also exploring the theory and experimental studies of charge carrier dynamics. Introducing the fundamental concepts of photocatalytic reactions involving different types of photocatalysts for various applications, including the treatment of water and air, in food packaging, and in the biomedical and medical fields, the book shows different classes of photocatalysts for novel energy and environmental related applications. In addition, significant advantages, such as its low cost, high efficiency, harmlessness and stability are discussed alongside future perspectives and challenges related to photocatalysis. Focusing on nanostructure control, synthesis methods, activity enhancement strategies, environmental applications, and perspectives of semiconductor-based nanostructures, this book offers guidelines for designing new semiconductor-based photocatalysts with low cost and high efficiency to meet the demands of the efficient utilization of solar energy in the area of energy production and environment remediation. - Covers the different types of photocatalysts and related photocatalytic reactions - Offers theoretical and practical concepts of energy and environmental applications - Summarizes the fundamentals of semiconductor-based nanomaterials
The book finds answers to the long-asked questions, why there are practically no Muslims in Spain today and why India is not a Muslim country leading to the consequenses in Spain the West and in India , that may explain the present Muslim unrest in the world. A brief suvey of future of Islam to explain why in spite of many critics, Islam is the fastest growing religion of the world today.
For a Pashtun, the world is a dangerous place. . . . To negotiate such a world, a man or woman needs wise words. . . . Pashto proverbs provide critical lessons about faith and honor, human nature and relationships, friends and enemies, power and revenge, in short, how to live in a society that is at once fragrant with friendship, fraught with ambiguities, and seared by treachery." You are invited to look into the world of the Pashtun through the pages of Rohi Mataluna: Pashto Proverbs. This selection of 1,350 Pashto proverbs (mataluna) from the mountainous (rohi) Afghan borderlands, with English translation and cultural annotations, aims to preserve some of the original flavor of an oral literature that reflects a traditional culture now facing turmoil and inevitable change. This second edition has been completely updated, revised, and expanded with new material, while taking care to preserve and honor the original work of the first edition. It includes: -- Cultural background and context of the Afghan frontier -- Explanations of key words and concepts -- Examples of the use of texts in social situations -- Observations on the form and structure of proverbs -- Parallel and variant texts -- Background stories -- Index of key words, persons, and places This book will appeal to readers and students of Pashto and English, to scholars and tourists, to anthropologists and folklorists, and to all those interested in learning more about the Pashtun people of the Afghan frontier.
This book examines the political and economic dimensions of food security in Bangladesh and assesses the role of the state in meeting the challenges of food security. The key concern, which is at the heart of this study, is to explore how Bangladesh responds, when its people go hungry. There are no detailed empirical studies that examine the Bangladesh’s role by providing an historical cum political analysis; however conventional approaches are primarily concerned with a partial diagnosis of the economic or nutritional problems of food security. The book then provides a detailed picture of the missing dimensions of state that include the strength of institutions, the scope of state functions, and other important attributes. In doing so, it uses the concept of neo-patrimonialism to explore the political system of Bangladesh. This book explicates the various impediments to food security, ranging from the process of policy formulation to their implementation mechanisms. It unpacks the structural weaknesses of the Bangladesh's institutional capacity in promoting food security, and, in the process, argues that the root cause of food insecurity is deeply embedded in the nature of the government itself, and the political institutions that link the state and society.
5 War and Peace in Shi'i Primary Narratives and Sources -- 6 Traditional Shi'i Ethics of War and Peace Untested: Jihad, Ideology, Revolution, and War -- 7 Postwar Revision and the Reconstruction of Modern Iranian-Shi'i Ethics of War and Peace -- 8 Terrorism and Shi'i Theologies of Martyrdom, Nonviolence, and Forgiveness -- 9 Diplomacy in between Nuclear Technology and Antibomb Theology -- Conclusion: Beyond a Minority Mentality: The Emerging Shi'i-Iranian Cosmopolitanism
The major challenges facing South Asia to achieve sustainable development are investigated, using case studies and applying new points of view in economic thought about the connection between development and the environment. After reviewing economic perspectives on development and the environment and South Asia's situation, particular issues such as depletion of natural resources and land degradation, the environmental impacts and consequences of extending markets, of technological change and property rights are examined. Environmental change and employment, income distribution and poverty, population growth and urbanisation are considered.
This book focuses on the analytical modeling of fractional-slot concentrated-wound (FSCW) interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines and establishes a basis for their magnetic and electrical analysis. Aiming at the precise modeling of FSCW IPM machines’ magnetic and electrical characteristics, it presents a comprehensive mathematical treatment of the stator magneto-motive force (MMF), the IPM rotor non-homogeneous magnetic saturation, and its airgap flux density. The FSCW stator spatial MMF harmonics are analytically formulated, providing a basis on which a novel heuristic algorithm is then proposed for the design of optimal winding layouts for multiphase FSCW stators with different slot/pole combinations. In turn, the proposed mathematical models for the FSCW stator and the IPM rotor are combined to derive detailed mathematical expressions of its operational inductances, electromagnetic torque, torque ripple and their respective subcomponents, as a function of the machine geometry and design parameters. Lastly, the proposed theories and analytical models are validated using finite element analysis and experimental tests on a prototype FSCW IPM machine.
Of interest to both academics and practitioners who assist in making Shariah-centric strategies, this work is particularly important as Asia holds a major percentage of Islamic assets in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, with new opportunities opening in Central Asia.
A unique treatise on the morphology and taxonomy of the order Mononchida. The mononchs represent a group of predatory nematodes that are natural enemies of other soil micro-organisms including plant-parasitic nematodes. The book includes detailed morphology of mononchs with emphasis on characters of taxonomic importance. Detailed diagnoses of the ordinal and familial groups and all the genera known to date are provided. A brief description of type species of each genus is followed by a complete list of all the valid species and their synonymies and an up-to-date key to species. The book is heavily illustrated with line drawings, microphotographs and SEM photographs of type or representative species. A complete bibliography until 2007 and an index are included.
This book presents a critical reassessment of theories of property rights, in response to conflicts and competition between different groups, and the state. It does so by taking an institutional political perspective to analyse the structures of property rights, with a focus on a series of case studies from Bangladesh. In doing so, the book highlights the importance of property rights for economic growth, why developing countries often fail to design property rights conducive for economic development, and the strategies required for designing an efficient structure of rights. Since property rights falls within the domain of Law and Economics, the book ventures to explain legal issues from an economic perspective, resulting in empirical analysis that comprises both legal and non-legal cases.
Dr Mohammad Nurunnabi examines the factors that affect the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in developing countries and answers these specific research questions: - What is the relative impact of accounting regulatory frameworks and politico-institutional factors on the implementation of IFRS in developing countries? - How do cultural factors affect said implementation? - How does a study of implementing IFRS help to build an understanding of a theory of the role of the state in accounting change in developing countries? This follows a mixed methodology approach, in which interviews are conducted, IFRS-related enforcement documents and annual reports are evaluated. More than 138 countries have adopted IFRS, yet the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) does not provide an implementation index. Financial reporting varies by country, even within the area of the world that has apparently adopted IFRS and Nurunnabi offers an important viewpoint that considers the issues of IFRS implementation from various perspectives. This is an invaluable resource for Undergraduate, Masters and PhD students, policy makers (at local, regional and international level) namely the IASB, World Bank, IMF, practitioners and users, giving them the necessary insight into the financial reporting environment and the state’s attitude towards accounting transparency. Most importantly, this book contributes to military and democratic political regimes and the Max Weberian view of the theory of the role of the state’s attitude towards accounting transparency.
This intriguing work offers a new perspective on Islamic Peripatetic philosophy, critiquing modern receptions of such thought and highlighting the contribution it can make to contemporary Western philosophy. Mohammad Azadpur focuses on the thought of Alfarabi and Avicenna, who, like ancient Greek philosophers and some of their successors, viewed philosophy as a series of spiritual exercises. However, Muslim Peripatetics differed from their Greek counterparts in assigning importance to prophecy. The Islamic philosophical account of the cultivation of the soul to the point of prophecy unfolds new vistas of intellectual and imaginative experience and accords the philosopher an exceptional dignity and freedom. With reference to both Islamic and Western philosophers, Azadpur discusses how Islamic Peripatetic thought can provide an antidote to some of modernity's philosophical problems. A discussion of the development of later Islamic Peripatetic thought is also included.
CRINN (Computing Research and Innovation), Volume 2, October 2017, is a compilation of peer-reviewed research papers, technical and concept papers and innovations among the academicians from Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch and other universities from all over Malaysia. CRINN also serves as a sharing center for every faculty members and others to share their research findings, experiences and innovations. This volume comprises a selection of 38 scholarly articles from Mathematical Sciences, Computer Sciences, Computer Network, Information Technology and System Sciences fields
This book examines how migrant remittances contribute to household social resilience in rural Bangladesh. Using a mixed methods approach, the authors show that remittances play a crucial role in enhancing the life chances and economic livelihoods of rural households, and that remittance income enables households to overcome immediate pressures, adapt to economic and environmental change, build economic and cultural capital, and provide greater certainty in planning for the future. However, the book also reveals that the social and economic benefits of remittances are not experienced equally by all households. Rural village households endure a precarious existence and the potentially positive outcomes of remittances can easily be undermined by a range of external and household-specific factors leading to few, if any, benefits in terms of household social resilience.
The Dorylaimida represent a large and very important group of soil and freshwater inhabiting nematodes of great agricultural importance. Both in appearance and mode of life they represent a wide diversity and as a consequence the number of species and higher taxa that have been described hitherto is the highest within Nematoda. The identification of species, genera, families, etc. of Dorylaimida is very difficult and at times causes problems for the specialist too. The large number of species on the one hand and often the meagre descriptions on the other make even well-known taxonomists to look at Dorylaimida with great hesitation and desperation. M. Shamim Jairajpuri and Wasim Ahmad have undertaken a great task in summarizing, evaluating and systematizing all the knowledge that has been published so far.
Whether you manage or lead a startup, small company, or a large and established firm, you probably don't have time to wade through dozens of books to determine what history's greatest battles can teach you about running a business. Even if you had the time, you don't need to, because this guidebook to leadership does it for you. It's a short but precise narrative highlighting lessons from war, including how to: implement ideas and plans amid confusion; expand business into a new market or geographic area; prepare employees for tumultuous change; weaken and conquer adversaries. The guidebook highlights some of history's best and worst battlefield generals, including Alexander the Great, Attila the Hun, William the Duke of Normandy, Napoleon, George Washington, Col. George Armstrong Custer and many others. Their tactics reveal hundreds of memorable insights that will help you do what the great leaders did and avoid what doomed others.
‘His marginalisation in dual cultures ascribed to him allows him a brilliant birds-eye view of both, which he employs in his bid to untangle the cultural mindsets he comes across’ Muslim News ‘Offers invaluable insights into how a modern cosmopolitan navigates the complex and delicate contours of faith, identity and belonging in an otherwise globally, interconnected world’ Ekow Nelson, reimagining Whether negotiating the mind-games of the Israeli intelligence services or performing ablutions in a London bathroom, Mohammad Chowdhury’s life as a British Muslim travelling the world brings daily challenges. Border Crossings is the story of Chowdhury’s journey, gripping in some parts and shame-inducing in others, as he describes a lifelong struggle to reconcile the British, Asian and Muslim sides of his identity, constantly dealing with the mistrust of Westerners alongside the hypocrisies of his own community and their misunderstanding of Islam. Chowdhury's story echoes the experience of thousands of Western Muslims who since 9/11 have been subjected to a constant barrage of questions that cast doubt over the very goodness of their faith. It is the story of a man who cries when England win the Ashes, yet still finds himself screaming in the face of racism and religious bigotry. This timely book powerfully rejects the poisonous narrative that Muslims can no longer be trusted as honest citizens of the West.
Challenging the conservative framers of Islamic law who accorded a lesser status to women, Mohammad Ali Syed argues that the Quran and the Hadith—the two primary sources of Islamic law—actually place Muslim women on the same level as Muslim men. Syed provides an overview of both sources and explores their respective roles in Islamic law, emphasizing the Quran's role as the supreme authority and questioning the authenticity of some of the alleged sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). From these texts, he elaborates women's rights in a variety of areas, including treatment by God; marriage, divorce, financial provisions, and custody of children; coming out of seclusion (purdah), and taking part in social, economic, legal, and political activities. Rather than presenting what is practiced today, the book covers the theoretical position of Muslim women as sanctioned by the Quran and the authentic Hadith and offers a glimpse of the exalted position of honor and dignity enjoyed by Muslim women in the early days of Islam. This well-researched book is made more distinctive by the author's personal experience. Raised in Bengal, India, Syed was inspired by his family, who valued men and women equally. As he grew up, Syed realized that most Muslim women lived very differently than the women of his family. According to the author, his family was egalitarian because his father and male relatives were not only devout Muslims but also very knowledgeable about Islam. This book is a culmination of his lifelong concern for women's rights under Islam.
This book compares the conflicting and consequential interpretations of jihad offered by mainstream Muslim scholars, violent Muslim radicals, and New Atheists.
Bakri Musa makes a persuasive argument for Malaysia to embrace globalization with conviction. It is the ticket to her Vision 2020 aspirations. Malaysia was well on her way to join the global mainstream when the 1997 economic crisis interrupted that trajectory. It is now time, the writer passionately pleads, to return to that path. Yes there are sandbars and reefs, together with the inevitable storms and swells in the ocean of globalization. This calls for skillful navigators and sailors ready to trim the sails and batten the hatches. The alternative would be to remain in port, not an attractive option. The writer offers specific prescriptions on how best to meet those challenges, from enhanced health care to superior education system, and by exposing Malaysians to greater competition. As Islam is a pervasive influence in Malaysia, the writer calls for an enlightened interpretation of the faith, one more in tune with its ideals of tolerance for diversity, reverence for learning, and a passion for trade. The writer draws lessons from as far away as Argentina and as far back as the ancient Muslims, and from sociology to biology. The perspectives offered here are refreshing departures from the wisdom currently emanating from Kuala Lumpur.
Most conventional dryers use random heating to dry diverse materials without considering their thermal sensitivity and energy requirements for drying. Eventually, excess energy consumption is necessary to attain a low-quality dried product. Proper heat and mass transfer modelling prior to designing a drying system for selected food materials can overcome these problems. Heat and Mass Transfer Modelling During Drying: Empirical to Multiscale Approaches extensively discusses the issue of predicting energy consumption in terms of heat and mass transfer simulation. A comprehensive mathematical model can help provide proper insight into the underlying transport phenomena within the materials during drying. However, drying of porous materials such as food is one of the most complex problems in the engineering field that is also multiscale in nature. From the modelling perspective, heat and mass transfer phenomena can be predicted using empirical to multiscale modelling. However, multiscale simulation methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of the physics of drying food materials. KEY FEATURES Includes a detailed discussion on material properties that are relevant for drying phenomena Presents an in-depth discussion on the underlying physics of drying using conceptual visual content Provides appropriate formulation of mathematical modelling from empirical to multiscale approaches Offers numerical solution approaches to mathematical models Presents possible challenges of different modelling strategies and potential solutions The objective of this book is to discuss the implementation of different modelling techniques ranging from empirical to multiscale in order to understand heat and mass transfer phenomena that take place during drying of porous materials including foods, pharmaceutical products, paper, leather materials, and more.
Architectural inscriptions are a fascinating aspect of Islamic cultural heritage because of their rich and diverse historical contents and artistic merits. These inscriptions help us understand the advent of Islam and its gradual diffusion in Bengal, which eventually resulted in a Muslim majority region, making the Bengali Muslims the second largest linguistic group in the Islamic world. This book is an interpretive study of the Arabic and Persian epigraphic texts of Bengal in the wider context of a rich epigraphic tradition in the Islamic world. While focusing on previously untapped sources, it takes a fresh look into the Islamic inscriptions of Bengal and examines the inner dynamics of the social, intellectual and religious transformations of this eastern region of South Asia. It explores many new inscriptions including Persian epigraphs that appeared immediately after the Muslim conquest of Bengal indicating an early introduction of Persian language in the region through a cultural interaction with Khurasan and Central Asia. In addition to deciphering and editing the epigraphic texts, the information derived from them has been analyzed to construct the political, administrative, social, religious and cultural scenario of the period. The first survey of the Muslim inscriptions in India ever to be attempted on this scale, the book reveals the significance of epigraphy as a source for Islamic history and culture. As such, it will be of interest to students and scholars of Asian Studies, Asian History and Islamic Studies.
Angel Gabriel said, I do not know, how someone knows about Paradise and can sleep. How can be anybody who knows about hell and can sleep. But we are living in a state of sleep, unawareness. The problem with us is, we only wakeup, when we die we ask Allah to wake us way before that. And to grant us forgiveness. That will forgive our sins and make us die as Martyr, like Umer bin Khatab together with them in Jannah tul Firdous. I must have made many mistakes, they are mine, from myself. I did make mistakes; these mistakes are from myself. If there is any good, that is from Allah. We ask Allah to forgive us all. Praise belongs to Allah, Glory to be Allah.
This book is about a Baha’is family who is suffering in Iran by Islamic Republic of Iran government where all religions are forbidden to practice except Islam which is official-political religion. Restricted religion people are trying to escape from Iran to save their lives. Ramin and his wife, Irandookht trying to escape from Iran by human trafficker by unofficial borders but got trap and fell in problem to execution. They finally succeeded to mange escape again and save their lives.
The higher purposes, or maqasid, of Shariah are applied and actualized (taf`il) through their means (wasa’il). This paper begins with the definition and meaning of maqasid and proceeds to ascertain three discernible tendencies regarding their scope: reductionist, expansionist, and the moderate approach of wasatiyyah/i’tidal. It addresses the question as to whether the maqasid may be recognized as a proof or source of Shariah in its own right. Can one, in other words, extract a ruling (hukm) of Shariah directly from the maqasid, or should one always follow the usul al-fiqh approach? Responding to these questions would help the reader to know more clearly what to expect of the maqasid. We often speak of the maqasid but when it comes to actual practice, we apply the fiqh rules. Can one just ignore the latter and refer directly to maqasid? The work explores the relationship of maqasid to the Qur’an and hadith, and to usul al-fiqh respectively. It also ascertains the roles respectively of the human intellect (‘aql) and innate human nature (fitrah) in the identification of maqasid. The author reviews the means and actualization of maqasid and elucidates this subject through several illustrations and a set of actionable recommendations.
This book, first published in 1982, attempts to explain how and why Iraqi military intervened in the affairs of state between 1936 and 1941. The intention is not to describe the various coups of this period, but to explain the gradual assumption of a political role by the Iraqi army and the contributing factors at play, for example the fragmented nature of Iraqi society and the presence of the British. In addition, an understanding of the political role of the Iraqi army requires a thorough investigation of the development of the Iraqi state itself.
Takaful mikro merupakan skim perlindungan yang ditawarkan kepada golongan berpendapatan rendah, miskin dan miskin tegar, bekerja di sektor tidak formal, malahan kepada segmen yang tidak disasarkan oleh takaful komersial dan takaful sosial. Warga emas yang disasarkan dalam penawaran takaful mikro ini adalah golongan yang berumur 60 tahun dan ke atas. Isu ini dijadikan fokus perbincangan berikutan jangkaan peningkatan bilangan warga emas di Malaysia yang mendorong ke arah pencapaian status negara tua pada tahun 2030 dengan 5.6 juta orang warga emas, iaitu 15% daripada jumlah keseluruhan penduduk di negara ini. Oleh itu, buku ini memperkenalkan model takaful mikro secara komprehensif yang membincangkan model dana tambahan, model strategi penawaran dan manfaat perlindungan yang sesuai diaplikasikan untuk memastikan kerelevanan penawaran skim takaful mikro ini. Bahkan, model ini telah memperoleh pengesahan daripada wakil industri dan pakar akademik yang terlibat selaku penasihat syariah bagi penilaian kelulusan penggunaan dana tambahan daripada sumber wakaf, dana tanggungjawab sosial korporat, zakat dan kombinasi dana daripada pelbagai sumber. Buku ini sesuai dijadikan panduan dan rujukan kepada pelbagai pihak, terutamanya Bank Negara Malaysia, institusi kewangan, industri insurans dan takaful, kerajaan pusat, kerajaan negeri, Majlis Agama Islam Negeri, badan bukan kerajaan, ahli akademik, masyarakat awam dan seterusnya para pelajar untuk memahami konsep penawaran dan perlindungan takaful mikro untuk warga emas.
This Brief provides a comprehensive overview of porosity's effects on dried food quality. The factors influencing porosity during the various drying methods are explored in depth, as well as porosity's overall effect on food properties. The chemical reaction and stability of porosity are also covered, including sensory and mechanical properties. The work looks closely at the relationship between drying conditions, pore characteristics, and dried food quality. Porosity: Establishing the relationship between drying parameters and dried food quality looks at food from a material point of view, outlining water binding characteristics and structure homogenity. The Brief presents a comprehensive view of the factors affecting porosity in dried foods, from pressure and drying rate to temperature and coating treatment, and relates these to porosity effects during the five major drying processes. Moreover, this book discusses the effect of porosity on transfer mechanisms and quality attributes of food stuff. In conclusion, this work aims to establish the relationship between drying process, quality, and porosity in dried foods.
The great Islamic Dynasties of the Mediterranean are the protagonists of this book, together with their fascinating artistic and cultural legacy. Thirty-nine scholars, museum curators and experts in cultural heritage, from 14 countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, are the authors of the 22 chapters that take the reader through 13 centuries of Islamic history from the period of the Prophet Muhammad up until the end of the Ottoman Empire (1922). Discover Islamic Art in the Mediterranean is a collaborative work that was written for all those who share our idea that there is not only one history, but that at least as many histories as peoples exist. The idea of this book is to contribute to a historically more accurate and thus more authentic understanding of Islam by offering different perspectives of interpreting history, art and culture. This Book is published to complement the www.discoverislamicart.org Virtual Museum and its cycle of 18 Virtual Exhibitions Discover Islamic Art in the Mediterranean.
The novel Defeated Muslim Jihad is based on the realities and living in our century when human beings die in captivity of religion and under the shoes of clerics of religions and sects. And they do not pass over any human being, prophets, or God, and they sacrifice the world and humans and humanity for their souls and desires in order to achieve their evil gratification. In order to reach Satan and rely on the seat of Satan’s power and place his crown on their heads and take the power over the world, not only do they sacrifice human beings for their aspirations, but even sacrifice God and prophets for their satanic aspirations and souls behind the stronghold of religion and in the clothes of the prophets.
Succinct and understandable, this book is a step-by-step guide to the mathematics and construction of electrical load forecasting models. Written by one of the world’s foremost experts on the subject, Electrical Load Forecasting provides a brief discussion of algorithms, their advantages and disadvantages and when they are best utilized. The book begins with a good description of the basic theory and models needed to truly understand how the models are prepared so that they are not just blindly plugging and chugging numbers. This is followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the statistical techniques and algorithms such as regression, neural networks, fuzzy logic, and expert systems. The book is also supported by an online computer program that allows readers to construct, validate, and run short and long term models. Step-by-step guide to model construction Construct, verify, and run short and long term models Accurately evaluate load shape and pricing Creat regional specific electrical load models
This book portrays the scene where corporate international trade agreements, a new neoliberal state regime, and a growing textile market have contributed to the becoming of a new class of Muslim female workers—who labor in Bangladesh’s apparel export factories under conditions of neoliberal capitalism. The garment kormi—often abstracted by the homogenizing category of the “garment worker”—remain lost in the statistics of development and empowerment or contrarily exploitation. Thereby, focusing on the everyday lives of garment kormi, i.e., workers’ stories than on the collective of garment workers as a category, this book at one front highlights the neoliberal structures of difference and inequality, and on the other reflects on the potential of egalitarianism and change in terms of novel ways of comprising and expressing life-worlds. It shows that the values in life and the structures that govern life, such as contemporary Bangladesh’s neoliberal order, kinship relationality, and religiosity, are co-constitutive, multi-layered, and always on the move, never fixed.
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