Southeast Geometry Seminars Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, and the University of Tennessee, 2009-2011
Southeast Geometry Seminars Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, and the University of Tennessee, 2009-2011
This volume presents the proceedings of the Southeast Geometry Seminar for the meetings that took place bi-annually between the fall of 2009 and the fall of 2011, at Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Alabama Birmingham, and the University of Tennessee. Talks at the seminar are devoted to various aspects of geometric analysis and related fields, in particular, nonlinear partial differential equations, general relativity, and geometric topology. Articles in this volume cover the following topics: a new set of axioms for General Relativity, CR manifolds, the Mane Conjecture, minimal surfaces, maximal measures, pendant drops, the Funk-Radon-Helgason method, ADM-mass and capacity, and extrinsic curvature in metric spaces.
CONTENTS: The French Weapons of Anjar Citadel Are Taken by Syrian Rebels. Man’s Loyalty to His Country Is Paramount. Lack of Commitment Leads to Failure of the Revolution. Our Man Rises to the Challenge in the Region of Al-Sheikh Mountain. The Rebellion against French Rule. An Entire County Is Sentenced to Death. Purer than the Whitest Snow. The Conspiracy against the Head of the Citadel. Persistence in Prayer Leads to Enlightenment. Morality Is Maintained. Timely Repayment of a Debt. Who Dares to Challenge the Envoys of God Will Never Succeed. The Disciple Repeats the Sheikh’s Lesson. This Man Gave Us His Full Support. An Honourable Outcome. The Story of the Deceased who Prayed at His own Funeral.
CONTENTS: -Introduction. -The Faithful Mentor and the Lost Judge. -The Devil Was Thwarted and Confessed, “I have No Power over You”. -The Session of Truthfulness and the Voice of Reality. -A Terrible Accident Is Avoided by Giving Alms. -He Cannot Be Blamed for Telling the Truth. -The Woman Money Lender. -Success. -The Compassionate Man and the Little Girl. -He who Listens Will Hear Good Advice. -The School Director Acts upon Wise Advice. -The Curer of the Spirit Treats the Curer of the Body. -Charity Brings its Own Reward. -A Loveable Human Being. -Attempted Assassination. -Inspiration or Evaluation? -The Honest Man. -Words from the Heart. -Al-Fara Palace. -Sublime Instruction. -The Revelation of the August Master about Performing Ablution. -A Timely Vision. -Every Hardship Is Followed by Tranquillity.
Boasting an in-depth analyses of individual texts over half a century, this intriguing history of the dynamics of Islam and culture in modern Egypt presents the conflict between tradition and secular values in a challenging new light. Including literature and film as crucial sources, this book is accessible to general readers and scholars alike.
Mohammad Amin Sheikho. Birth: 1890 A.D. Death: 1964 A.D. Precept: Interpretation of the Holy Qur’an. --- Contents: 1- Killing a Cat Is Not a Joke 2- Brilliant Tactics 3- An Old Woman Finds a Safe Haven 4- The Reasons for Corporeal Decay 5- A Spirited Horse Is Tamed 6- Animals Are God’s Creatures Too 7- Two Giants in a Struggle to the Death 8- Never Rely on Sorcery 9- The Officer’s Ingenuity Saves His Men 10- The Destitute Are Saved from Starvation 11- Funds Await the Return of Master Messiah (pth) 12- The Magician’s Deceit Is Exposed
This blessed book is prepared for teaching students and providing them with the highest culture based on the knowledge which is derived from the word of God the Almighty and from the holy Prophet’s (cpth: Communication with Al’lah and Peace are through him) Explanation of Al’lah’s words. By this Divine knowledge, the student will be prepared for disciplining himself ccording to the high moralities and virtues, furnishing it with Divine perfection to achieve the success in this world and in the hereafter. The importance of this subject “Islamic education” is that it is derived from the interpretation of the holy Qur’an by the great humane eminent scholar Mohammad Amin Sheikho whom God the Almighty bestowed His light upon, due to his closeness to God, his great love to the Prophet (CPTH) and his high mercy which was got from God the Almighty to his brothers in humanity. Dear teacher, you will find in this program these basic important points: The illustration of the perfection of God the Almighty. The clarification about the perfection of God Messengers (peace be upon them). A call for us to apply God legislation (The instructions of the Holy Qur’an) and to be devoted wholeheartedly to God the Almighty. Guiding students to the right belief steps according to what the holy Prophet (CPTH) had explained to his noble companions from the holy book of God the Almighty. Venerating and exalting the holy Prophet (CPTH), clarifying his greatness according to his rank of his closeness to God then guiding to the way of attaining his real love.
This book examines the abilities of new machine learning models for predicting ore grade in mining engineering. A variety of case studies are examined in this book. A motivation for preparing this book was the absence of robust models for estimating ore grade. Models of current books can also be used for the different sciences because they have high capabilities for estimating different variables. Mining engineers can use the book to determine the ore grade accurately. This book helps identify mineral-rich regions for exploration and exploitation. Exploration costs can be decreased by using the models in the current book. In this book, the author discusses the new concepts in mining engineering, such as uncertainty in ore grade modeling. Ensemble models are presented in this book to estimate ore grade. In the book, readers learn how to construct advanced machine learning models for estimating ore grade. The authors of this book present advanced and hybrid models used to estimate ore grade instead of the classic methods such as kriging. The current book can be used as a comprehensive handbook for estimating ore grades. Industrial managers and modelers can use the models of the current books. Each level of ore grade modeling is explained in the book. In this book, advanced optimizers are presented to train machine learning models. Therefore, the book can also be used by modelers in other fields. The main motivation of this book is to address previous shortcomings in the modeling process of ore grades. The scope of this book includes mining engineering, soft computing models, and artificial intelligence.
CONTENTS: The True Benefits of Almsgiving The Haunted House A Vow Should Never Be Broken Talking with the Dead The Bus Conductor Is Caught Out The Distinctive Man The Quarrel between the Leaders of Two Districts Is Resolved The Prime Minister The Magician and the Needle A Wealthy Man Suffers for His Sin The Young Housemaid Do not Steal and It Will Be Given The Magician Is Thwarted in His Plans Almsgiving Can Work Miracles A Miraculous Feat of Strength The Wisdom behind the Marriage Contract
In 1980, Syrian filmmaker Mohammad Malas traveled to Lebanon to film a documentary about the country's Palestinian refugee camps, during which time he kept a diary of his impressions. The Dream: A Diary of a Film is Malas's haunting chronicle of his immersion in the life of the camps, including Shatila, Burj al-Barajneh, Nahr al-Bared, and Ein al-Helweh. It also describes the filmmaking process, from the research stage to the film's unofficial release, in Shatila Camp, before it reached a global audience. In vivid and poetic detail, Malas provides a snapshot of Palestinian refugees at a critical juncture of Lebanon's bloody civil war, and at the height of the PLO's power in Lebanon before the 1982 Israeli invasion and the PLO's subsequent expulsion. Malas probes his subjects' dreams and existential fears with an artist's acute sensitivity, revealing the extent to which the wounds and contingencies of Palestinian statelessness are woven into the tapestry of a fragmented Arab nationalism. Although he halted his work on the film in 1982, following the massacres of Sabra and Shatila, he completed it in 1987, turning 400 interviews into 23 dreams and 45 minutes of screen time. Both diary and film present these people somewhere between present and past tense, but they are preserved forever in the word, magnetic tape, and now in digital code. The Dream is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of the Palestinians in the modern Middle East, and for students and scholars of Arab filmmaking, politics, and literature.
The present book introduces the Composite Sustainability Indicator (CSI), defining sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. The CSI integrates the Waste Reduction Algorithm, risk assessment models, and energy intensity indices to evaluate environmental impacts and facilitate risk-informed design. Through case studies, the author demonstrates the effectiveness of these methodologies, aggregating them into a Key Process Indicator for sustainability analysis. The book covers chapters on computer-aided modelling, heterogeneous catalytic reactions, pollution prevention, and global warming. Notably, it delves into energy impacts, risk assessment methodologies, and the CSI's application in complex processes, such as refineries. Leveraging advanced process simulators like Aspen Plus and HYSYS, alongside WAR GUI, the author designs processes and estimates risks and environmental impacts. This guide aims to equip process systems engineers with tools to design environmentally conscious and sustainable chemical processes, using high-quality raw data endorsed by EPA. Strategic products, like sustainable gasoline blends, are studied as case studies.
This book, first published in 1982, attempts to explain how and why Iraqi military intervened in the affairs of state between 1936 and 1941. The intention is not to describe the various coups of this period, but to explain the gradual assumption of a political role by the Iraqi army and the contributing factors at play, for example the fragmented nature of Iraqi society and the presence of the British. In addition, an understanding of the political role of the Iraqi army requires a thorough investigation of the development of the Iraqi state itself.
Gene therapy as a potential method for treatment of genetic disorders and other malignancies as well as treatment of many cancers has attracted a great amount of attention in recent years. Current research focuses on stable and smart drug/gene delivery systems, including controlled release. Smart nanostructures have been considered as a promising approach when applied to drug and gene delivery systems, and could solve the problems related to the inefficient transfer of medication to the affected cells.
There are widespread literatures and concepts in the Palestinian political, media, scientific and cultural realms that promote visions and perceptions whose implementation seems to be an illusion that has no experimental or systematic scientific reading bases. This book is intended to expose these illusions and their impact in terms of misconceptions, miscalculations, loss of direction, dilemmas in paths and outcomes, failure in decision-making, and waste of time, efforts and capabilities. These illusions were concisely discussed, identifying their main ideas and critiquing their concepts, terms and paths. The aim is to reach the widest possible audience interested in the Palestine issue, with plain and simple language, devoid of prolonged discussions. Although what’s written is based on scientific, methodological and objective foundations, and on documented information, however, since this book is more of an essay-like book, there is no referencing. At the same time, this book includes summaries based on hundreds of studies and books, and on tens of years of research and preoccupation with the Palestine issue.
Offering perspective on both the scientific and engineering aspects of 2D semiconductors, Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Semiconductors for Novel Electronic Applications discusses how to successfully engineer 2D materials for practical applications. It also covers several novel topics regarding 2D semiconductors which have not yet been discussed in any other publications. Features: Provides comprehensive information and data about wafer-scale deposition of 2D semiconductors, ranging from scientific discussions up to the planning of experiments and reliability testing of the fabricated samples Precisely discusses wafer-scale ALD and CVD of 2D semiconductors and investigates various aspects of deposition techniques Covers the new group of 2D materials synthesized from surface oxide of liquid metals and also explains the device fabrication and post-treatment of these 2D nanostructures Addresses a wide range of scientific and practical applications of 2D semiconductors and electronic and optoelectronic devices based on these nanostructures Offers novel coverage of 2D heterostructures and heterointerfaces and provides practical information about fabrication and application of these heterostructures Introduces the latest advancement in fabrication of novel memristors, artificial synapses and sensorimotor devices based on 2D semiconductors This work offers practical information valuable for engineering applications that will appeal to researchers, academics, and scientists working with and interested in developing an array of semiconductor electronic devices.
In Translating the Garden, Ghanoonparvar offers readers an "over the shoulder" view of himself in the actual process of translating Shahrokh Meskub's Goftogu dar Bagh (Dialogue in the Garden) from Persian into English. This short philosophical work uses a conversation between a writer and a painter to delve into the Persian psyche and explore Persian perceptions of art, literature, nature, identity, spirituality, and the world in general. As he translates the text, Ghanoonparvar illustrates and discusses the myriad decisions that a literary translator faces, from word choices to the problems of conveying cultural concepts and deciphering authorial intent. He also compares some of his translated passages with those of other translators to highlight the uniqueness of each act of translation. The complete English translation of Dialogue in the Garden rounds out the volume."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The history of Islamic thought is marked by a continuous tradition of internal revitalisation and reform embedded in the principles of islah, and tajdid. The ultimate purpose has been to bring existing realities and social change in line with the transcendant and universal standard of the Qur’an and Sunnah through a process of restoration and reform. The tradition of islah-tajdid has thus consistently challenged the Muslim status quo and prompted fresh interpretation of the Qur’an and Sunnah, understood and implemented through the methodologies of interpretation and ijtihad, as well as the rejection of unwarranted accretions to the original messages of Islam. The basic theme of the paper is that civilisational renewal is an integral part of Islamic thought. The paper looks into the meaning, definition and origins of tajdid and islah and their relationship with ijtihad, and how these have been manifested in the writings and contributions of the thought leaders of Islam throughout its history. It also develops tajdid-related formulas and guidelines that should lead the efforts of contemporary Muslims in forging the objectives of inter-civilisational harmony and their cooperationfor the common good.
Debates on the relationship between Islam and the West rage on, from talk of clashing civilizations to political pacification, from ethical and historical perspectives to distrust, xenophobia and fear. Here Mohammad Salama argues that the events of 9/11 force us to engage ourselves fully, without preconditions, in understanding not just the history of Islam as a religion, but of Islam as a historical condition that has existed in relationship to the West since the seventh century. Salama compares the Arab-Islamic and European traditions of historical thought since the early modern period, focusing on the watershed moments that informed the two traditions' ideas of intellectual history and perceptions of one another. He draws attention to European intellectual history's entangled links with the Islamic philosophy of history, especially the complexities of orientalism and modernity. Recent critical reflections on the work of Ibn Khald?n confirm this intertwined and troubled relationship, reflecting major disparities and contradictions. At the same time, recent Arab writings on Europe's intellectual history reveal a struggle against erasure and intellectual superiority. Calling for a new understanding of the relationship between Islam and the West, Salama argues that Islam has played a major role in enabling and positioning various paths of Western historiography at crucial moments of its development, leaving palpable imprints on Islamic historiography in the process. He proposes an answer to a fundamental question: how to make sense of the mechanics of production in Arab-Islamic and Western historiographies, or how to identify the ways in which they have both failed to make sense of themselves and of each other in an increasingly disenchanted postnationalist world. Spanning an impressive array of recent writings on these themes as well as older foundational texts in both traditions - including al-Tabar?, Ibn Khald?n, Hegel, al-Jabart?, Toynbee, Foucault, Edward Said, and Hourani - this book is both timely and crucial for all those interested in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies, Western and Islamic philosophies of history, modernity, and the relationship between Islam and the West.
Mohammad Amin Sheikho. Birth: 1890 A.D. Death: 1964 A.D. Precept: Interpretation of the Holy Qur’an. Early Years: Scholar Sheikho was born in al-Ward district in Sarouja Quarter, one of the historical districts of Damascus, in Syria which was called mini-Istanbul during the period of the Ottoman rule. He was raised in an Arab style house situated opposite the famous public al-Ward Bathhouse. This house stands there to the present day. Scholar Sheikho was still young when his father, the merchant Ismael Sheikho, departed this world. Mohammad Saleem, the only and elder brother of Mohammad Amin, was assigned as a director of the Military School during the Ottoman rule. Education: At the age of twelve the boy who was to become the great scholar was enrolled at al-Rashidiya School, he then went on to complete his studies in Amber, the Royal Ottoman Faculty in Damascus. He received many certificates of praise and commendation during the Ottoman rule and then under the reign of King Faisal in Syria. There are many copies of these certificates still preserved in trustworthy hands. One of His Pupils: Professor A. K. John, alias al-Dayrani is the best known and most distinguished among the pupils of Scholar Sheikho. He received a certificate of General Education (a Syrian certificate which included the study of nine different sciences). Prof. al-Dayrani collected and verified more than fifty books which were dictated by Scholar Sheikho and written on his behalf. Therefore his name is always mentioned in association with the name of Mohammad Amin Sheikho. A Glimpse of his distinguished thoughts and views: He disclosed the true meaning of the letters (acronyms) that are reported at the beginning of the Fortresses of the Holy Qur’an, which was not understood by previous Muslim scholars and said that, “Al’lah knows best His Purpose behind them.” He disproved the stories which are ascribed wrongly to the noble Envoy Mohammad (cpth), such as the story of his being affected by the action of magic, the story of cutting his noble chest (cpth), and all that would put him (cpth) in the wrong. He elucidated that the noble Prophets are impeccable in all of their words, actions and deeds. He was the first in the world to reveal the source of fresh spring and river water, which is the ice of the North and South Poles. He gave an exact definition of the ‘human spirit’ and clarified the difference between that and the ‘soul’. He differentiated between the ‘mind’ and ‘thought’ He talked about al-Azal world, the very beginning of creation in the world of immaterial spirits, and demonstrated the Godly Justice in that world and the reason for the coming of mankind to this world. He elucidated the wisdom in turning towards al-ka’ba when communicating with God (praying); he explained the reason for fasting and the meaning of the Night of al-Qadr (Evaluation) and how to attain it. He interpreted from the noble Qur’an how to derive the proportion of Zakat (almsgiving).
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution was the twentieth century’s first such political movement in the Middle East. It represented a landmark in Iranian history because of the unlikely support it received from Shi‘ite clerics who historically viewed Western concepts with suspicion, some claiming constitutionalism to be anti-Islamic. Leading the support was Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, the renowned Shi‘ite jurist who conceived of a supporting role for the clergy in a modern Iranian political system. Drawing on extensive analysis of religious texts, fatwas, and articles written by Khurasani an other pro- and anti-constitutionalists, Farzaneh provides a comprehensive and illuminating interpretation of Khurasani’s religious pragmatism. Despite some opposition from his peers, Khurasani used a form of jurisprudential reasoning when creating shari‘a that was based on human intellect to justify his support of not only the Iranian parliament but also the political powers of clerics. He had a reputation across the Shi‘ite community as a masterful religious scholar, a skillful teacher, and a committed humanitarian who heeded the people’s socioeconomic and political grievances and took action to address them. Khurasani’s push for progressive reforms helped to inaugurate a new era of clerical involvement in constitutionalism in the Middle East.
Far from being social, orthodox or merely anecdotal, modern Arabic fiction is in fact significant and radical in the world context of modern fiction, as this book shows. It includes an introduction to and critique of the short story as well as a selection of Arabic short stories, chosen and translated by the author.
This book seeks to present a comprehensive overview of the Palestine issue, its historical background, as well as its modern and contemporary developments. The book, in a documented, methodical, and concise style, and in plain language, delves into the history of Palestine from its early history throughout the Islamic era, and the background of the emergence of the Zionist movement, as well as the British occupation of Palestine and the founding of Israel. The book analyzes the various phases of the Palestine issue and its developments, shedding light on the struggle of the Palestinian people, their uprisings and revolutions, and the role of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its factions, as well as the role of the Palestinian Islamic movements. The book places particular emphasis on the first two decades of the twenty-first century, so that the reader would be able to obtain a clear picture about many of the issues related to the contemporary aspects of the Palestinian question. The revised and updated edition of the book covers the period up to the year 2021, and contains a large collection of pictures and maps to illustrate its points. The book is an important source for readers seeking to acquaint themselves with the Palestine issue, and to become informed of the pertinent facts in a balanced manner. It can also serve as an introduction to further studies of the Palestine issue.
This updated, second edition retains its classroom-tested treatment of physical chemistry of metallurgical topics, such as roasting of sulfide minerals, matte smelting, converting, structure, properties and theories of slag, reduction of oxides and reduction smelting, interfacial phenomena, steelmaking, secondary steelmaking, role of halides in extraction of metals, refining, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy, and adds new data in worked-out examples as well as up-to-date references to the literature. The book further explains the physical chemistry of various metallurgical topics, steps involved in extraction of metals, such as roasting, matte smelting/converting, reduction smelting, steelmaking reactions, deoxidation, stainless steelmaking, vacuum degassing, refining, leaching, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, cementation, gaseous reduction and electrowinning. Each topic is illustrated with appropriate examples of applications of the technique in extraction of some common, reactive, rare, or refractory metal together with worked out problems explaining the principle of the operation. The problems require imagination and critical analyses and also encourage readers for creative application of thermodynamic data in metal extraction. Updates and condenses text throughout the book by sequential arrangement of paragraphs in different chapters; Maximizes readers’ understanding of the physicochemical principles involved in extraction/production of common and rare/reactive metals by pyro- as well as hydrometallurgical routes; Reinforces concepts presented with worked examples in each chapter explaining the process steps; Explains the physical chemistry of various metallurgical steps, such as roasting, matte smelting/converting, and reduction smelting, steelmaking, aqueous processing etc. in extraction of metals; Collects and uniformly presents scattered information on physicochemical principles of metal production from various books and journals.
While the demand for Arabic classes and preparation programs for Arabic language teachers has increased, there is a notable gap in the field of linguistic research on learning Arabic as a second language. Arabic Second Language Acquisition of Morphosyntax presents a data-driven and systematic analysis of Arabic language acquisition that responds to this growing need. Based on large data samples collected from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, this book explores a broad range of structures and acquisition issues. It also introduces new and comprehensive research, and it documents the successes and problems that native speakers of other languages, including English, Spanish, French, and Japanese, are likely to encounter in learning Arabic. By integrating previously published findings with new research, the author has created a unified and streamlined resource for teachers, teachers-in-training, linguists, Arabic textbook authors, and second-language acquisition experts.
This textbook provides an introduction to the fundamental and applied aspects of biophysics for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, chemistry, and biology. The application of physics principles and techniques in exploring biological systems has long been a tradition in scientific research. Biological systems hold naturally inbuilt physical principles and processes which are popularly explored. Systematic discoveries help us understand the structures and functions of individual biomolecules, biomolecular systems, cells, organelles, tissues, and even the physiological systems of animals and plants. Utilizing a physics- based scientific understanding of biological systems to explore disease is at the forefront of applied scientific research. This textbook covers key breakthroughs in biophysics whilst looking ahead to future horizons and directions of research. It contains models based on both classical and quantum mechanical treatments of biological systems. It explores diseases related to physical alterations in biomolecular structures and organizations alongside drug discovery strategies. It also discusses the cutting- edge applications of nanotechnologies in manipulating nanoprocesses in biological systems. Key Features: • Presents an accessible introduction to how physics principles and techniques can be used to understand biological and biochemical systems. • Addresses natural processes, mutations, and their purposeful manipulation. • Lays the groundwork for vitally important natural scientific, technological, and medical advances. Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman, a biophysicist and condensed matter scientist, is passionate about investigating biological and biochemical processes utilizing physics principles and techniques. He is a professor of biophysics at King Saud University’s Biochemistry Department in the College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the co- founder of MDT Canada Inc., and the founder of Child Life Development Institute, Edmonton, Canada. He has authored Biophysics and Nanotechnology of Ion Channels, Nanoscale Biophysics of the Cell, and Membrane Biophysics. He has also published about 50 peer- reviewed articles and several patents, edited two books, and has been serving on the editorial boards of Elsevier and Bentham Science journals. Dr. Ashrafuzzaman has held research and academic ranks at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, University of Neuchatel (Switzerland), Helsinki University of Technology (Finland), Weill Medical College of Cornell University (USA), and University of Alberta (Canada). During 2013– 2018 he also served as a Visiting Professor at the Departments of Oncology, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, of the University of Alberta. Dr. Ashrafuzzaman earned his highest academic degree, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in condensed matter physics from the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland in 2004.
The fraught relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran is usually attributed to sectarian differences, even by the states' own elites. However, this book shows that in their official speeches, newspaper editorials and Friday sermons, these elites use sectarian and nationalist references and tropes to denigrate each other and promote themselves in the eyes of their respective constituencies in the region. Talal Mohammad, who is fluent in both Arabic and Persian, examines Saudi-Iranian rivalry using discourse analysis of these religious, political and journalistic sources. Tracing what has been produced since 1979 in parallel, he argues for a consistent pattern of mutual misrepresentation, whereby each frames its counterpart as the 'Other' to which a specific political agenda can be justified and advanced. The book covers key events including the Iranian Revolution, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the Taliban war, the fall of Saddam, the Arab Spring, the rise of Mohammed bin Salman, and the war on ISIS. While until now Saudi-Iranian rivalry has been understood in primarily sectarian or geopolitical terms, the author argues here that the discursive othering serves as a propagandist function that supports more fundamental political and geopolitical considerations.
A memoir that combines political and economic commentary with personal and national history. Mohammad Tarbush was born in British Mandate Palestine. As an infant, he and his family were forced to evacuate their village together with its entire population, after the Zionist victory that led to the establishment of the State of Israel. Then as landless refugees in the West Bank, the family sank into poverty. When, as a teenager, Tarbush left home one day under the pretext of visiting relatives in Jordan, he in fact set off on a year-long hitchhiking journey to Europe, where he would eventually become a highly successful international banker and a key behind-the-scenes promoter of the Palestinian cause. In My Palestine, Mohammad Tarbush combines poignant personal memoir with incisive political and economic commentary on the tumultuous events that shaped the history of Israel, Palestine, and the modern Middle East.
This book is about the emergence of a stream of ideas in the 1930s and 1940s within Imamiyya Shiʿite context, focusing primarily on the thought of Shariʿat Sangelaji (1891–1944), who harshly criticized a number of basic theological beliefs within Imamiyya Shiʿa. Accusing them of polytheism and superstition on account of their ideas about shifaʿa intercession, and their pilgrimage to the graves of the Shiʿite imams, he also criticized the belief that the twelfth imam al-Mahdi has been living in covertness since the 9th century, and that a number of historical figures will be resurrected upon his return to assist him in the final battle against the evil. Taking at once a theological and historical approach, Mohammad Fazlhashemi investigates whether Salafist mainstreaming thoughts, despite its hostile attitude towards Shiʿa Islam, had any influence over Shiʿite theology. He explores whether and what components of the Salafist tradition of ideas have been adopted by theologians within Imamiyya shiʿa or whether in fact whether these changes were the result of an internal theological tug-of-war within the Imamiyya Shiʿa that was influenced by the interwar modernization efforts. Fazlhashemi examines the characteristic features of this flow of ideas, its sources of inspiration, the reception of its thought, and the imprints it made on theological currents within Imamiyya shiʿa in Iran during its time and time thereafter.
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