Microcredit has been seen in recent decades as having great potential for aiding development in poor developing countries, with Bangladesh being one of the countries which has pioneered microcredit and implemented it most widely. This book, based on extensive original research, explores how microcredit works in practice, and assesses its effectiveness. It discusses how microcredit, usually channelled through women, is often passed to the men of the family, a practice disapproved of by some, but regarded as acceptable by borrowers who have a communal approach to debt, rather than viewing debt as something held by single individuals. The book demonstrates how the rules around microcredit are often seem as irksome by the borrowers, how lenders often charge high rates of interest and work primarily to preserve their institutions, thereby going against the spirit of the microcredit movement, and how borrowers often end up on a downward spiral, deeper and deeper in debt. Overall, the book argues that although microcredit does much good, it also has many drawbacks.
PAPERS IN THIS ISSUE: A rhetoric-thematic analysis of surah "Waqi'a" (1-16); Studying Chinese as a foreign language: Learner attitudes and language learning (17-40); Iconicity in the syntactic structure of Mandarin Chinese (41-66); The impact of English versus Persian songs on Iranian EFL learners' mastery of English letters (67-88); The role of culture in cooperative learning (89-120); The interface between ESP, genre analysis, and rhetorical structure analysis (121-160); Four key focus on form options (161-171); Book Review (172-185)
PAPERS : Public health reasoning: The contribution of pragmatics (Louise CUMMINGS, pp. 1-18); Indirectly reporting grammatical, lexical and morphological errors (Alessandro CAPONE, pp. 19-36); Exploring attitude and test-driven motivation towards English at Chinese universities (Junping HOU, Hanneke LOERTS & Marjolijn H. VERSPOOR, pp. 37-60); Toward a taxonomy of errors in Iranian EFL learners' basic-level writing (Mohammad Ali SALMANI NODOUSHAN, pp. 61-78); A structural move analysis of research article introduction sub-genre: A comparative study of native and Iranian writers in applied linguistics (Arezou PASHAPOUR, Farid GHAEMI & Mohammad HASHAMDAR, pp. 79-106); Teaching English pronunciation beyond intelligibility (Frans HERMANS & Peter SLOEP, pp. 107-124); Complexity and likely influence of teachers' and learners' beliefs about speaking practice: Effects on and implications for communicative approaches (Edgar Emmanuell GARCÍA-PONCE, Troy CRAWFORD, M. Martha LENGELING & Irasema MORA-PABLO, pp. 125-146)
The combination of DEA and ratio analysis is introduced as a suitable field for evaluating the performance of DMUs. In this regard, DEA-R is also proposed as a hybrid technique for calculating efficiency, ranking DMUs, and finding efficient faces. Therefore, the relationship between DEA and DEA-R provides a suitable field for researchers in the field of evaluating the performance of DMUs. The audience of this book is not limited to researchers in mathematics fields, but experts and students in industrial engineering and management fields also benefit from the topics of this book.
Papers in this issue: Mohammad Ali Salmani Nodoushan & Hamed Montazeran, The book review genre: A structural move analysis; Jessica L. Reid, Questioning a world standard English; Huda Al-Mansoob, Socio-cultural and religious boundaries: Can teaching cognitive stylistics be fully implemented in Arab/Muslim universities?; Mohammed Ayodeji Ademilokun, Nigerian undergraduate football fans' discourse: Visuals as Communication tools; Ricard Viñas-de-Puig, Mayangna Yulbarangyang Balna & Elena Benedicto, Linguistic and technical training as a community empowerment tool: The case of the Mayangna linguists' team in Nicaragua; Derya Fazila Agis, Gender and politeness: Politeness strategies in the popular Turkish series "Avrupa Yakası" ("European Side"); Yuliana Natsir, Language encounters in the workplace of Banci community; Reza Mobashshernia, Book Review; Forough Rahimi, Book Review
This book studies the engagement of various Muslim communities with Bihar politics from colonial times to present-day India. It debunks several myths in highlighting Muslim resistance to the Two-Nation theory, and counters the ‘Isolation Syndrome’ faced by Muslim communities after Independence. Using rare archival sources and hitherto unexamined Urdu texts, this book offers a nuanced exploration of complex themes such as the struggle against Bengali hegemony, communalism, regionalism and alienation before Independence, recent language politics, the political assertion of low-caste Muslims in current Bihar, as well as their quest for social and gender justice. An important contribution to the study of South Asian Islam, this book will interest students and scholars of modern Indian history, politics, sociology, religion, gender, and minority studies.
This is the first English-language survey of Pakistan’s socio-economic evolution. Mohammad Qadeer gives an essential overview of social and cultural transformation in Pakistan since independence, which is crucial to understanding Pakistan’s likely future direction. Pakistan examines how tradition and family life continue to contribute long term stability, and explores the areas where very rapid changes are taking place: large population increase, urbanization, economic development, and the nature of civil society and the state. It offers an insightful view into Pakistan, exploring the wide range of ethnic groups, the countryside, religion and community, and popular culture and national identity. It concludes by discussing the likely future social development in Pakistan, captivating students and academics interested in Pakistan and multiculturalism. Qadeer’s impressive work is a comprehensive examination of social and cultural forces in Pakistani society, and is an important resource for anyone wanting to understand contemporary Pakistan.
Papers in this issue include: (1) Ana María Díaz Collazos & Diego Pascual y Cabo, Vocalic instability in L3 acquisition: The case of falling diphthongs [aj] [oj] among Japanese learners of Spanish; (2) Samuel Atechi, Pidgin English in Cameroon: To teach or not to teach; (3) Mostafa Zamanian & Reza Mobashshernia, A survey of PhD programs in TEFL: Curricular strengths and weaknesses in Iranian universities; (4) Saeed Taki, Cross-cultural communication and metaphorical competence; (5) Mohammad Ali Salmani Nodoushan, The place of genre analysis in international communication; (6) Kamal Heidari Soureshjani & Nasser Rashidi, On the Iranian EFL learners' working memory in reading: Does gender make any difference? (7) Shih-min Li & Huei-ling Lai, Hakka aspectual Ted4 constructions: A constructional approach; (8) Parviz Birjandi, Parisa Daftarifard & Rense Lange, The effects of dynamic assessment on Rasch item and person hierarchies in second language testing
Papers in this issue by: Milica VUKOVIĆ, PP. 1-24; Jeremy Ray GEVARA, PP.25-44; Michael V. PREGOT, PP. 45-56; Richard WATSON TODD, PP. 57-76; Jane CHINELO OBASI & Inyang UDOFOT, PP. 77-100; Azizeh CHALAK & Zahra NOROUZI, PP. 101-110; Mohammad RASEKH MAHAND, PP. 111-118 (Book Review)
This book examines how migrant remittances contribute to household social resilience in rural Bangladesh. Using a mixed methods approach, the authors show that remittances play a crucial role in enhancing the life chances and economic livelihoods of rural households, and that remittance income enables households to overcome immediate pressures, adapt to economic and environmental change, build economic and cultural capital, and provide greater certainty in planning for the future. However, the book also reveals that the social and economic benefits of remittances are not experienced equally by all households. Rural village households endure a precarious existence and the potentially positive outcomes of remittances can easily be undermined by a range of external and household-specific factors leading to few, if any, benefits in terms of household social resilience.
Policy ownership of development agenda emerged as an important aspect in international development cooperation during the 1990s in the wake of evident failures of reform initiatives in developing countries steered by donor agencies, particularly the international financial institutions (IFIs), the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The principal focus of this book is to examine Bangladesh’s policy ownership in its PRSP by broadly analyzing the dynamics in the formulation process and examining the principal actors’ contribution to the formulation process. This book also deals with several other dimensions of foreign aid and its changing features including the shifts in WB-IMF’s approach to development cooperation. This book argues that the WB-IMF strongly influence Bangladesh’s development strategies and agendas and in general the WB-IMF have not changed much in their aid relationship despite clear limitations of their previous reform models. Building on Bangladesh’s current level of development the book advocates that Bangladesh needs to adopt a new model for development agenda setting. Illustrating the influences of donor communities on the creation of development strategies in developing countries, this book presents a macro dynamics of the political economy of international development cooperation. It will be of interest to academics and professionals working on political economy, governance, public policy and development cooperation as well as South Asian Studies.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) have emerged in both a development and aid capacity in Bangladesh, providing wide-reaching public services to the country’s population living in extreme poverty. However, resistance to and limitations of NGO-led development - which in conjunction with Bangladesh’s social transformation - led to a new religious-based NGO development practice. Looking at the role of Islamic NGOs in Bangladesh, the book investigates new forms of neoliberal governmentality supported by international donors. It discusses how this form of social regulation produces and reproduces subjectivities, particularly Muslim women subjectivity, and has combined religious and economic rationality, further complicating the boundaries and the relationship between Islam, modernity, and development. The book argues that both secular and Islamic NGOs target women in the name of empowerment but more importantly as the most reliable partners to meet their debt obligations of micro-financing schemes, including shari’a-based financing. The targeted women, in turn, experience Islamic NGOs as less coercive and more sensitive to their religious environment in the rural village community than are secular NGOs. Providing a comparative study of the role of religious and secular NGOs in the implementation of neoliberal policies and development strategies, this book will be a significant addition to research on South Asian Politics, Development Studies, Gender Studies, and Religion.
This book emphasizes the use of four complex plane formalisms (impedance, admittance, complex capacitance, and modulus) in a simultaneous fashion. The purpose of employing these complex planes for handling semicircular relaxation using a single set of measured impedance data (ac small-signal electrical data) is highly underscored. The current literature demonstrates the importance of template version of impedance plot whereas this book reflects the advantage of using concurrent four complex plane plots for the same data. This approach allows extraction of a meaningful equivalent circuit model attributing to possible interpretations via potential polarizations and operative mechanisms for the investigated material system. Thus, this book supersedes the limitations of the impedance plot, and intends to serve a broader community of scientific and technical professionals better for their solid and liquid systems. This book addresses the following highlighted contents for the measured data but not limited to the:- (1) Lumped Parameter/Complex Plane Analysis (LP/CPA) in conjunction with the Bode plots; (2) Equivalent circuit model (ECM) derived from the LP/CPA; (3) Underlying Operative Mechanisms along with the possible interpretations; (4) Ideal (Debye) and non-ideal (non-Debye) relaxations; and (5) Data-Handling Criteria (DHC) using Complex Nonlinear Least Squares (CNLS) fitting procedures.
This book provides an overview of arid and semi-arid lands conditions, their general characteristics, methods of management, conservation, exploitation and reclamation. It also focuses on how to utilize the potential of arid lands with the minimum manipulation and alteration. Arid and semi-arid areas represent a major part of natural ecosystems not only in Iran, but around the world, and mismanagement and inappropriate exploitation of these areas may lead to further gradual degradation. As such, an understanding of the characteristics of these areas is vital if they are to be conserved and reclaimed.
Professor of History at Islamia College Lahore, Professor Muhammad Aslam, wrote about Shah Fateh Ullah Shirazi in 1960s. His Urdu essay on Shah Fateh Ullah tells us the story of this great man, of many talents, who changed Mogul India under Emperor Akbar the Great in the 16th century AD. This Urdu essay was translated by Mohammad Akmal Makhdum, to share the story with English readership. Shah Fateh Ullah Shirazi was a prince in the court of Emperor Akbar the Great, also known as The Great Mogul. He was a migrant from Persia and came to Mogul India in the 16th century AD. He was a renowned scholar and diplomat in the court of Deccan state. After the death of the ruler of Deccan, he was invited by Emperor Akbar to come to his court where the emperor, who became a great admirer and friend of his scholarship, arranged his marriage with emperor's sister-in-law. This made Shah Fateh Ullah a prince, and a a relative of the emperor. Fateh Ullah, by his own merit became one of the main advisors of the emperor, on all matters, official and personal. Fateh Ullah was an inventor, mathematician, architect, diplomat, physician, scholar of literature, languages, religion and wrestling. He invented a gun with 17 barrels; a cannon with multiple barrels; a mechanical cannon cleaner; cranes for heavy lifting; cannons that could be dismantled and transported over hills and re-assembled; cannon barrels that could be screwed apart for ease of transport and re-screwed; air-conditioning and water supply machines for the new Capital of the Mogul Indian Empire: Fateh Pur Sikri. He invented mobile showers and mobile homes for royal court travels; changed the education system and introduced scientific methods in education and the curricula. He became president of all educational authorities in the Mogul Indian Empire. he was a strong influence on how the empire was run and at his untimely death by Typhoid fever, the emperor was inconsolable, weeping frequently and remembering his friend, advisor, physician, inventor, confidante and friend. Few people know about this great man.
The main focus of Literary Subterfuge and Contemporary Persian Fiction is to identify components and elements which define Persian modernist fiction, placing an emphasis on literary concepts and devices which provide the dynamics of the evolutionary trajectory of this modernism. The question of ‘who writes Iran’ refers to a contested area which goes beyond the discipline of literary criticism. Non-literary discourses have made every effort to impose their "committed" readings on literary texts; they have even managed to exert influence on the process of literary creation. In this process, inevitably, many works, or segments of them, and many concepts which do not lend themselves to such readings have been ignored; at the same time, many of them have been appropriated by these discourses. Yet components and elements of Persian literary tradition have persistently engaged in this discursive confrontation, mainly by insisting on literature’s relative autonomy, so that at least concepts such as conformity and subterfuge, essential in terms of defining modern and modernist Persian fiction, could be defined in a literary manner. Proffering an alternative in terms of literary historiography; this book supports a methodological approach that considers literary narratives which occur in the margins of dominant discourses, and indeed promote non-discursivity, as the main writers of Persian modernist fiction. It is an essential resource for scholars and researchers interested in Persian and comparative literature, as well as Middle Eastern Studies more broadly.
Challenging the conservative framers of Islamic law who accorded a lesser status to women, Mohammad Ali Syed argues that the Quran and the Hadith—the two primary sources of Islamic law—actually place Muslim women on the same level as Muslim men. Syed provides an overview of both sources and explores their respective roles in Islamic law, emphasizing the Quran's role as the supreme authority and questioning the authenticity of some of the alleged sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). From these texts, he elaborates women's rights in a variety of areas, including treatment by God; marriage, divorce, financial provisions, and custody of children; coming out of seclusion (purdah), and taking part in social, economic, legal, and political activities. Rather than presenting what is practiced today, the book covers the theoretical position of Muslim women as sanctioned by the Quran and the authentic Hadith and offers a glimpse of the exalted position of honor and dignity enjoyed by Muslim women in the early days of Islam. This well-researched book is made more distinctive by the author's personal experience. Raised in Bengal, India, Syed was inspired by his family, who valued men and women equally. As he grew up, Syed realized that most Muslim women lived very differently than the women of his family. According to the author, his family was egalitarian because his father and male relatives were not only devout Muslims but also very knowledgeable about Islam. This book is a culmination of his lifelong concern for women's rights under Islam.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known as Bangabandhu by his followers/countrymen, is the most prominent political figure in the emergence of Bangladesh. Bangabandhu transcended his contemporaries and even his political mentors considering the impact he had on the creation of the new nation-state. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the leadership and legacy of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib in the framing of modern Bangladesh. It discusses themes like the formation of Bangladesh; the Bengali nationalist movement; Bangabandhu and his political socialization; Bangabandhu’s political and administrative philosophy and his economic and developmental thoughts. Topical and lucid, this book is a must-read for scholars and researchers of Political Science, South Asian Politics, South Asian History, Political Leadership, Political Sociology and also for the Bangladeshi diaspora.
Citizen of Two Worlds, first published in 1960, is the autobiography of Mohammad Ata-Ullah (1905-1977), Pakistani doctor, mountaineer, and philosopher. Born into a Muslim family, Ata-Ullah is an example of a worldy human being who treated Christians and Hindus with respect and as brothers. After studying medicine in Lahore and London and becoming a doctor, Ata-Ullah served as an officer in the British India Army and traveled widely, working in central India, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Lebanon and Muscat, and witness to the bloodshed between Muslims and Hindus in India. With the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Col Ataullah become the first Director of Health Services of Azad Kashmir, and went on to work in Japan and Korea with wounded United Nations troops. The book closes with a dramatic description of his participation in the 1953 American Expedition to K2, the world's second highest mountain, and as a member of the successful Italian ascent in 1954.
Social Media and Democratization in Iraqi Kurdistan assesses the implications of social media usage for democratization in the context of Iraqi Kurdistan. A considerable number of studies examine the impact of social media on the practice of democracy in liberal democratic contexts and on the democratization process in nondemocratic contexts. However, little is known about the rise and implications of using the Internet and social media platforms for democratization processes in a hybrid political system, like that of Iraqi Kurdistan, which combines elements of both democracy and authoritarianism. The author investigates the use of social media platforms by citizens, politicians, electoral candidates, and political parties, and its significance for political participation and political communication, which are selected as important elements of democratization. Based on original qualitative research, including interviews with activists, politicians, and party leaders, and an analysis of relevant social media content in the Kurdish language, especially on the social media platform, Facebook, the author argues that rather than the increase in online political participation and political communication contributing to the consolidation of democracy in the Kurdish nascent democracy, it is increasing political polarization, exacerbating incivility of political discourse and enabling monitoring of opposition forces by the authorities.
Mixed-matrix membranes are identified as a new type of membranes being more efficient due to the inorganic particles in their structure. In industry they can be a good substitute for old methods which consume a lot of energy. Thus, the present research scrutinizes different filling particles used in this group of membranes, applications, shortcomings and the challenges of producing these types of membranes. This book explains the key parameters in the fabrication methods through blending of polymeric and non-polymeric materials containing different components in their chemical structures. It is a complete overview of all relevant and similar references in the field of membrane technology in oil, gas and petrochemicals, by considering standards and the way of performing separation techniques and implementing projects.
Papers in this special issue: (1-32) The meaning of 'because' on a Gricean view, by Valandis BARDZOKAS; (33-50) A jurilinguistic analysis of selected libel cases in Nigeria, by Wasiu Ademola OYEDOKUN-ALLI & Joel Kehinde BABATOPE; (51-68) Mass generics in L3 English: Acquisition route and transfer recovery, by Abdelkader HERMAS; (69-90) The variations and changes of Portuguese in postcolonial Timor-Leste, by Nuno Carlos de ALMEIDA & Davi Borges de ALBUQUERQUE (91-108) The web as corpus in ESL classes: A case study, by Patrizia GIAMPIERI; (109-120) Clearing the mist: The border between linguistic politeness and social etiquette, by Mohammad Ali SALMANI NODOUSHAN; (121-128) Book Review, by Stuart FOSTER; (129-134) Book Review, by Azizeh CHALAK
Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this practical analysis of sports law in India deals with the regulation of sports activity by both public authorities and private sports organizations. The growing internationalization of sports inevitably increases the weight of global regulation, yet each country maintains its own distinct regime of sports law and its own national and local sports organizations. Sports law at a national or organizational level thus gains a growing relevance in comparative law. The book describes and discusses both state-created rules and autonomous self-regulation regarding the variety of economic, social, commercial, cultural, and political aspects of sports activities. Self- regulation manifests itself in the form of by-laws, and encompasses organizational provisions, disciplinary rules, and rules of play. However, the trend towards more professionalism in sports and the growing economic, social and cultural relevance of sports have prompted an increasing reliance on legal rules adopted by public authorities. This form of regulation appears in a variety of legal areas, including criminal law, labour law, commercial law, tax law, competition law, and tort law, and may vary following a particular type or sector of sport. It is in this dual and overlapping context that such much-publicized aspects as doping, sponsoring and media, and responsibility for injuries are legally measured. This monograph fills a gap in the legal literature by giving academics, practitioners, sports organizations, and policy makers access to sports law at this specific level. Lawyers representing parties with interests in India will welcome this very useful guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative sports law.
Advances in Supercapacitor and Supercapattery: Innovations in Energy Storage Devices provides a deep insight into energy storage systems and their applications. The first two chapters cover the detailed background, fundamental charge storage mechanism and the various types of supercapacitor. The third chapter give details about the hybrid device (Supercapattery) which comprises of battery and capacitive electrode. The main advantages of Supercapattery over batteries and supercapacitor are discussed in this chapter. The preceding three chapters cover the electrode materials used for supercapattery. The electrolyte is a major part that significantly contributes to the performance of the device. Therefore, different kinds of electrolytes and their suitability are discussed in chapter 6 and 7. The book concludes with a look at the potential applications of supercapattery, challenges and future prospective. This book is beneficial for research scientists, engineers and students who are interested in the latest developments and fundamentals of energy storage mechanism and clarifies the misleading concepts in this field. Presents the three classes of energy storage devices and clarifies the difference between between pseudocapacitor and battery grade material Covers the synthesis strategies to enhance the overall performance of the supercapacitor device (including power density) Explains the energy storage mechanism based on the fundamental concept of physics and electrochemistry
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