Eritrea is located in northeast Africa on the Red Sea coast and boasts one of the oldest human settlements in the region. One-million-year-old human remains have been found in the Danakil Depression in the country, which is home to one of the oldest-written scripts in sub-Saharan Africa: Ge'ez. Eritrea was also pioneer in multi-party democracy in Africa and had a democratic constitution based on United Nations principles in 1952. But it is also home to one of the earliest armed liberation movements in Africa - a conflict that Mohamed Kheir Omer witnessed firsthand, having grown up in Eritrea as a member of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). In this book, he traces the history of the country, exploring how ethnicity, religion, geography, colonialism, and other factors have shaped its fate - and what must be done to ensure its people enjoy a brighter future. The history of Eritrea is similar to others on the continent, and its people continue to struggle to build a just, democratic, and inclusive country.
This groundbreaking study offers a rare window into the history of slavery in the Sudan, with particular attention to the relationships between slaves and masters. Thoroughly documented, it provides valuable context to current issues of global concern and combats persistent myths about African slavery.
I nominate this second part as “Arruj Death”, who was the hero of the initial part of this life story. In this second part, Barbarossa continues citing the scenes that he lives with his brother Arruj. The major events took place with the Spaniards in the sea and in the land. The areas holding these incidents are principally Algeria of today including ‘ Algiers’ the Capital, ‘Jijel’, ’Bejaya’ and ‘Telemsan’.’ Tunis’ which is too the metropolis of Tunisia at that stage and now, held a considerable part of his tale for the strange facts that he survive. The east and west of the Mediterranean are involved too in his stories. ‘Fass’ city in Morocco and the south of Spain are introduced here. The crucial event was the death of Barbarossa's brother Arruj in a battle defending his sons. He describes several personalities who had a profound influence on the development of the historic episodes. He talks about treasons that he got from men like ‘Ibn Alkadhi’ who took a space in the time chronicles of his autobiography. Other persons like ‘Massoud’, ‘Abdallah’ and ‘Kara Hasan were considered by him traitors against the Ottoman domination in North Africa. The Sultan of ‘Tunis’ and all the conspirators were allied with Spain against him and his brother Arruj. In this part two, the events on the land are comparable in the description to the ones in the sea with the ships. Barbarossa and his brother Arruj have the practice of the battles in the sea and in the lands and most of these fights were conquered by them except for two, the first one resulted by the beheading of Arruj after treachery by the Spaniards in their dealings with him. The second one was by ‘Ibn Alkhadi’ who arranged for them an ambush in a mountains way where Barbarossa lose 750 of his sailors and despite this, he survived with most of them.
In this volume three, Barbarossa continues reciting about the incidents developed especially in Algiers, Tunis, Spain, Italy, and Istanbul in Turkey. The unfinished fights between them and their ultimate enemy, the Spaniards. He talked about the biggest battles never occurred in the seas and oceans with 600 ships on the Spanish side in front of 122 ships from their position. And how he could defeat them despite the huge gap in forces. He talked too about a gigantic attack with 516 ships from the Spaniards' camp including troops from Italy, Belgium, France, Netherlands, and others on Algiers city to occupy it and how his son Hasan could overcome them too with just 600 Turkish warriors and 2000 Arabs volunteers! He described too how he became an admiral over the Ottoman Empire fleet. He reported about Carlos the king of Europe kings and his first admiral Andrea Doria. Their secrets, their attitudes, and behaviors along the story events. How they kill, torture, and burn entire families in Spain and America. He mentioned several times the ottoman empire sultan Suleiman Khan and his great respect for him was expressed in his words. He mentioned also his sea captains and their personal skills.
This is book one from three for the complete autobiography for Pirate Barbarossa(Red Beard) or Khaireddine Barbarous who dictated it on his colleague and friend in the sea life the poet and writer Sayed Ali Almuradi. He wrote his autobiography after an order from Sultan Soleiman Alkanuni known as Soleiman The Magnificient. The human is the son of his environment. What does mean this proverb? That means his environmental circumstances influence directly and indirectly his thoughts and behaviors along with his life. The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were an extension of the culture of Piracy which had been spread worldwide centuries earlier in the Indian ocean, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. Piracy was considered as the standard, the norm, and the normal of that era. It was a source of enrichment for normal people and for countries. It was practiced by countries implicitly, so many pirates worked for the account of empires. Barbarossa and his brother Arruj were not the exceptions, they were raised in this world and atmosphere it wasn’t immoral to practice piracy. Something is clear is that they practiced piracy after they were normal traders with their ships and after the imprisonment and the torture of Arruj the Barbarossa's oldest brother by the Rhodes Knights on his way to Tripoli in Lebanon. Barbarossa, an Italian word meaning the Red Beard. Mostly the Venetians in the fifteenth century who called Khaireddine Basha or Khedher with this name. Barbarossa or Khaireddine was born in Midilli island in 1478, he died in Istanbul in 1546. At an early age, he use the ship as we use in our days the cars and all the transportations mean. With time the sea became really his real home. A normal person can work outside throughout the day and return at the end of the day to his home to take a rest, Barbarossa took this rest in his ship’s cabinet in the large of the sea everywhere. Through this autobiography, Barbarossa talked about all the incidents that he lives, saw, or testified about by himself. The religious context at that time was major in his stories as the adversaries the Ottoman empire in aside the Venice, the Spanish and the Portuguese empires in another side each side represents a religion and his followers the Ottoman empire represents Islam, the Spaniards, the Portuguese and the Venetians represents the Christianity. The use of words like Kaffer or kuffar which means unbelievers or infidels was frequent. Despite his solid heart as an adventurer in real life not like in Hollywood movies, I found that he has a very sensitive soul when the matter concerns his brother Arruj, his relatives, his men, and the poor that he tried always to help them everywhere. Barbarossa never talked about his mom, his education, and his Childhood. For example, he didn’t mention that his mom was a priest widow before she married his father. He didn’t mention that besides the military work of his father he was working on pottery and when they started trading he and his brother Arruj they sold the pottery of their father outside the Midilli island(Lesbos today). He didn’t specify that their brother Isaaq preferred administrative work. Barbarossa and his brother Arruj saved the lives of tens of thousands of Muslims and Jews escaping from the tyranny and the torture of the Spanish Chruch at that time and transferring them to North Africa and Greece in Salonica. This autobiography reflects all the cultures, values, morals, and behaviors of all people surviving at that time.
Numerous studies have been done on Imam al-Ghzali (1058-1111) in almost all major languages. So much is the academic attention given to him, and deservedly so, that it is difficult to find any element of originality in a new study on him. Various aspects of his life and thought have yet to be adequately studied, one of them being his role in islah (Islamic reform). It is also true that the study of islah as a separate topic is somewhat new, and available literature on the subject is limited within the views and the achievements of a number of distinguished scholars in the modern times. This work attempts to discover part of the rich legacy of the reformers by introducing a pre-modern scholar as Imam al-Ghazali.
In The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India, the focus of the author is the process of establishment of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of historical, social and cultural factors over a period of ten centuries. Traversing this era, he reveals how the Muslim rulers contributed to such harmony and how the two cultures exchanged and accepted each other's tenets to enrich and formulate a composite Indian culture. To explore the foundations on which the complex culture of India rests, the author examines the contribution of Sufism which inherently connotes syncretism and tolerance, as well as the simultaneous rise of the Bhakti movement in medieval India. This title is co-published with Aakar Books. Print editions not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)
In June 1959, the British established the office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara (He Who is Made Lord) to replace the colonial governorship and represent Queen Elizabeth II in Singapore. Muhammad Suhail explores the divergent attempts to invest meaning in the Yang di-Pertuan Negara. In doing so, he weaves a rich story about the contesting ideas of sovereignty during the global age of decolonization. He Who is Made Lord is a captivating take on Singapore’s emergence as a postcolonial nation, providing a gateway into the island’s past as part of the Malay World, the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations. "The Yang di-Pertuan Negara is a subject that has received only passing mentions in the Singapore Story. This book is the first detailed study to reveal not only the politics of its creation but also the cultural significance of the office. By delving into its multifaceted meanings, this insightful account offers readers a fascinating treatise on the office’s connection with the momentous final years of British rule in the colony and Singapore’s brief interlude in Malaysia." -- Associate Professor Albert Lau, Department of History, National University of Singapore "The end of the British Empire wrought considerable change across the globe, but it also left many legacies and questions such as what or who would replace the omnipotent Crown. He Who is Made Lord examines the neglected but fascinating story of how Singapore grappled with this issue, which was more delicate, nuanced and far reaching than most supposed. Muhammad Suhail has made an original, well-researched, and valuable study of the position of Head of State in Singapore during the last stages of colonialism and shows vividly that far from being of ceremonial or administrative interest, it touched on wider and deeper issues in Singaporean and Southeast Asian history and society, reflecting tensions of identity and hopes for the future." -- Dr Harshan Kumarasingham, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh "In this ground-breaking book, Muhammad Suhail has meticulously scoured, scrutinized, and synthesized archival official records, newspaper articles, government publications, pictures, and websites to peel and expose the many layers of the hitherto overlooked office of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore to reveal the contradictions, contestations, and constructions of the created office in the context of the tumultuous period of decolonization. Suhail also has laid bare the complex personality of the man who held this office, Yusof Ishak, exposing the myriad of faces, appearances, and roles he represented and was made to represent, appreciating his triumphs and weaknesses, but most importantly, humanizing him." -- Associate Professor Sher Banu A.L. Khan, Department of Malay Studies, National University of Singapore
Despite advances in modern communication and the proliferation of information, there remain areas of the world about which little is known. One such place is Somalia. The informed public is aware of a political meltdown and consequent chaos there, but few comprehend the causes of this tragic crisis. This new edition covers Somalia's origin, history, culture, and language, as well as current economic and political issues. The alphabetical arrangement of this Dictionary, with a complete chronology, list of acronyms, and in-depth bibliography provide useful information about the country in a convenient format. A vital addition to reference collections supporting undergraduate and graduate programs on Africa and the Middle East, international relations, and economics- a useful fact-filled compendium for government and public libraries, NGO's, and other special libraries
I.B.Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies Sharia has been a source of misunderstanding and misconception in both the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds. Understanding Sharia: Islamic Law in a Globalised World sets out to explore the reality of sharia, contextualising its development in the early centuries of Islam and showing how it evolved in line with historical and social circumstances. The authors, Raficq S. Abdulla and Mohamed M. Keshavjee, both British-trained lawyers, argue that sharia and the positive law flowing from it, known as fiqh, have never been an exclusive legal system or a fixed set of beliefs. In addition to tracing the history of sharia, the book offers a critique concerning its status today. Sharia is examined with regard to particular issues that are of paramount importance in the contemporary world, such as human rights; criminal penalties, including those dealing with apostasy, blasphemy and adultery, commercial transactions, and bio-medical ethics, amongst other subjects. The authors show that sharia is a legal system underpinned by ethical principles that are open to change in different circumstances and contexts, notwithstanding the claims for `transcendental permanence' made by Islamists. This book encourages new thinking about the history of sharia and its role in the modern world.
The failure of reform policies in areas of critical importance to Arab populations such as health and education played a central role in igniting the Arab Awakening, yet this policy perspective has been largely absent from recent studies of the region. Arab regimes most reliant on repression to guarantee their survival were also those most vulnerable to mass politics. Where threats to regime survival have been limited, so have more meaningful reforms been possible, finding an alternative to political change through focusing on "soft policy" areas such as education. A Political Economy of Arab Education offers a comprehensive analysis of K-12 education systems in Arab countries, deepening understanding of their administrative structures and outcomes, and exploring how political considerations have impacted the ability of Arab regimes to engage in meaningful reform. Taking a unique comparative political economy perspective, it examines the reasons behind policy stagnation in Arab countries, addressing the effects of size, history and political stability on the design and implementation of policies and administrative structures. Its informed analysis and comparison of education systems provides new insight into Arab regimes and highlights factors pulling them towards either stagnation or reform. Examining the sustainability of reforms and establishing the benefits of engaging in meaningful change, this book sheds light on why some regimes survived the Arab Spring while others crumbled and formulates convincing predictions on the potential for future regime change in the region. This book will be of key interest to students and scholars of Middle Eastern Studies, International and Comparative Education and Development Studies.
In 1801, at the age of just 20 years old, Ranjit Singh became the Maharaja of the Punjab Empire and subsequently became one of the greatest figures in the history of India. He was a fiercely brave leader, capturing the city of Lahore before becoming Maharaja and overcoming a variety of challenges during his 40-year rule, such as harsh terrain, an ethnically and religiously diverse population and strong aggressors including the British and the Afghans. Despite such challenges, Ranjit Singh was able to unite Punjab's various factions yet rule a nation that was strictly secular; the Maharaja was benevolent to his subjects no matter their ethnicity or religion and sought to promote interfaith unity through policies of equality and non-discrimination. Aside from building his own nation, Ranjit built solid strategic relations with his most challenging aggressor - the British. Through stamina and political will, he managed to establish a formal treaty between the two and secured from 1809 Britain's protection against third party attempts to conquer the Punjab. Following Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the Empire fell into decline. Just six years later, the Punjabis attacked the British, and in 1845 they were beaten and forced to sign the Treaty of Lahore, essentially conceding control to the British.Ranjit Singh's personal characteristics and leadership skills were what held the Punjab nation together in a tumultuous period in history. Mohamed Sheikh's new account of Singh's life illustrates these characteristics and skills and illuminates the man who singlehandedly created and sustained the Empire.
This book offers recommendations on the milling processes for the carbon fiber reinforced plastic CFRP/Al2024. Due to the anisotropic and non-homogeneous structure of CFRP and the ductile nature of aluminum, the machining of this material is very challenging and causes various types of damage, such as matrix cracking and thermal alterations, fiber pullout and fuzzing during drilling and trimming, which affect the quality of machined surface. The book studies and models the machined surface quality of CFRP/Al2024 using a two-level full factorial design experiment. It describes the processes of trimming using down milling, and statistically and graphically analyzes the influence and interaction of cutting parameters. Lastly, the book presents the optimization of the cutting parameters in order to create a surface texture quality of CFRP/Al2024 to less than 1 μm.
This book is an account of the changing social and political structure of the Hassaniya and Hissinat, two Sudanese Arabic speaking tribes inhabiting the northern part of the White Nile Province in the Sudan. The account is based on field research over 15 months, between June 1969 and November 1970, among these groups.
The Gulf state of Qatar tops the Forbes list of the world's richest countries. In 2010, the country had the world's highest GDP per capita, and its reserves of oil and natural gas are vast. It has been estimated that Qatar will invest more than $120 billion in the energy sector over the next ten years. Yet Qatar has climbed to this pinnacle of wealth and influence in a remarkably short time, and from a starting point of obscurity and insignificance. This astonishing transition is the direct result of the efforts nearly 200 years ago of one visionary man - Jassim bin Muhammad Bin Thani, known as 'the Leader'. Qatar in the 1830s was a fragmented region, a desert peninsula without security or borders, where coastal communities depended on pearling for survival, while constantly at the mercy of tribal raiders. Jassim's background in this precarious environment led to his understanding that the gap between tribal settled peoples must be bridged, and then to his harnessing of regional conflicts to create a unified Qatari state. Skilfully allying with Ottoman forces to fend off the British, Jassim established power in the newly rebuilt capital, Doha, eventually becoming the first leader of the new country. Little known outside Qatar, Jassim's extraordinary achievement cannot be understated. By the time of his death on the eve of the First World War, both the Ottomans and the British had recognised Qatar's autonomy, and the way was open for the country he had created to move steadily forward to its enviable economic position today.
It is the Oldest Sport of the World! The muscled glory of oil-coated Turkish wrestling has a Guinness World Record for the longest running of all sports competition. KIRKPINAR, All about oilwrestling is the name of the book by Murat Kirbaçoglu and Mohamed el-Fers. It leads you through the ins and outs, do's and donts of the Olders Sport on Earth, held annually in the summer near Edirne, Turkey (formerly known as Adrianople). Although not a photobook on pocketsize, it has loads of pictures, all b/w and most grabs of what is known as the 'Pirelli Calendar for the Lady' by oilpainting artist M-Rat. But one small picture made my day: The oldest piece of evidence of oilwrestling from Assyria, made 4.660 years ago!
Using an ensemble of sources and current concepts, this book proposes new ways of conceiving the place of the caravan and the dynasty in Maghribian historical experiences and modes of identification.
The Al Khalifa of Bahrain is a long-standing dynasty that has established dispute resolution measures to overcome intra-tribal ambitions for power and wealth, replacing extra-constitutional rulership succession with primogeniture. Since their control over Bahrain began in 1783 until the British withdrawal from the Gulf in 1971, the Al Khalifa introduced ten senior ruling shaykhs, seven of whom experienced turbulent successions, and faced in-house rivalries and power-seeking disputes. This book provides valuable insights into how the Al Khalifa tribe managed to shape and maintain their patrimonial rule for over 240 years, ultimately emerging as one of the most prevailing and enduring royal families in the region today. It delves into their strategies and tactics for overcoming local contexts, external challenges, and intra-tribal rivalries. The book is an essential read for anyone interested in the history and politics of Bahrain and the Gulf region.
This book offers a faithful English translation of An-Nazarat (‘The Reflections’) by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti, a distinguished essayist from the era of the Nahda, or the Modern Arabic Literary Renaissance in Egypt. Al-Manfaluti’s magnum opus, first published in 1910, is a rich collection of short stories, essays, and a few adapted translations, originally featured in Egypt’s al-Mu’ayyad newspaper. With a sharp, reflective eye, al-Manfaluti captures the vibrant tapestry of life, inviting readers to explore the intricate interplay of cultural identity and the dynamic evolution of society. His works, which John A. Haywood describes as spanning the ‘whole gamut of current ethical and social problems,’ offer a glimpse into the early 20th-century Egyptian zeitgeist, touching on themes of political nationalism, pan-Islamic aspirations, and religious reform. Al-Manfaluti’s unique, almost highbrow style, with its distinct lustre, sets his writings apart. Abdul-Sattar Jawad compares him to the Romantic essayist Lamb, noting al-Manfaluti’s use of personal reminiscences, stories, interest in the natural past, and prose poems, often reinforced with verse quotations. Hailed as a genius in the art of literary composition and prose-writing, and a leader in pure stylistic diction, al-Manfaluti’s An-Nazarat remains a seminal work for those interested in the Middle East and the Nahda period, a melting pot of social and literary significance.
This book examines the evolution of Islam in our modern world. The renowned Tunisian scholar Mohamed Haddad traces the history of the reformist movement and explains recent events related to the Islamic religion in Muslim countries and among Muslim minorities across the world. In scholarly terms, he evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of theological-political renovation, neo-reformism, legal reformism, mystical reformism, radical criticism, comprehensive history and new approaches within the study of Islam. The book brings to life the various historical, sociological, political and theological challenges and debates that have divided Muslims since the 19th century. The first two chapters address failed reforms in the past and introduce the reader to classical reformism and to Mohammed Abduh. Haddad ultimately proposes a non-confessional definition of religious reform, reinterpreting and adjusting a religious tradition to modern requirements. The second part of the book explores perspectives on contemporary Islam, the legacy of classical reformism and new paths forward. It suggests that the fundamentalism embodied in Wahhabism and Muslim Brotherhood has failed. Traditional Islam no longer attracts either youth or the elites. Mohamed Haddad shows how this paves the way for a new reformist departure that synthesizes modernism and core Islamic values.
Mohamed Mansour has spent his life fighting adversity. Born in Egypt in the post-war period, his childhood was halted abruptly when, aged ten, he almost lost a leg in a devastating car accident. At 18, he had to support himself through college in the US when his family's assets were seized by the Egyptian government. Aged 20, he fought cancer. Then, at 25, he returned to Egypt to help revive the fortunes of his family's once thriving business group as it steadily diversified into sectors from automobiles to construction equipment, fast food to venture capital. Almost five decades on, he and his family stand at the helm of some of the largest companies in North Africa and the Middle East. They have partnered with global brands from General Motors and Caterpillar to McDonald's and invested early in Silicon Valley successes such as Facebook, Uber and Airbnb. He also served as Egypt's Transport Minister from 2005 to 2009. Filled with hard-won wisdoms, Mohamed Mansour's inspirational story demonstrates the importance of learning from experience and never giving up in the drive to succeed.
Through analysis of the Covenants of the Prophet Muḥammad, which pledge protection to diverse faith communities, this book makes a profoundly important contribution to research on early Islam by determining the Covenants’ historicity and textual accuracy. The authors focus on the Prophet Muḥammad’s relationship with other faith communities by conducting detailed textual and linguistic analysis of documents which have received little scholarly consideration before. This not only includes decrees of the Prophet Muḥammad, ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, but also of important Muslim rulers. They present their findings in relation to contemporaneous historical writings, historic testimonies, official recognition, archaeological evidence, historic scribal conventions, date-matching calculations, textual parallelisms, and references in Muslim and non-Muslim sources. They also provide new and revised translations of various Covenants issued by the Prophet Muḥammad which were attested by Muslim authorities after him. The authors argue that the claim of forgery is no longer tenable following the application of rigorous textual and historical analysis. This book is essential reading for Muslims, Christians, Jews, Samaritans, and Zoroastrians, as well as anyone interested in interfaith relations, Islamophobia, extremist ideologies, security studies, and the relationship between Orthodox and Oriental Christianity with Islam.
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