The enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds has been generating interest in several fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. These compounds are employed for their antioxidant properties; however, their use is limited by their low solubility and thermal stability. Polymerization can improve their solubility and their thermal stability though and create new properties which are dependent on the molecular mass and the structure of polymers. The reaction yield, the polydispersity, the molecular mass, the structure and the properties of synthesized polymers can be controlled by the mode of control of the reaction and by the reaction conditions. Enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds by oxidoreductases analyze the processes used and the key factors (temperature, solvent, origin of the enzyme, structure of the substrate, reactor design, ...) which control the polymerization of phenolic species by these oxidoreductase enzymes in order to obtain polymers with desired characteristics and properties.
Taking into consideration the outstanding importance of studying and applying the biological means to remove or mitigate the harmful effects of global pollution on the natural environment, as direct consequences of quantitative expansion and qualitative diversification of persistent and hazardous contaminants, the present book provides useful information regarding New Approaches and Prospective Applications in Environmental Biotechnology. This volume contains twelve chapters divided in the following three parts: biotechnology for conversion of organic wastes, biodegradation of hazardous contaminants and, finally, biotechnological procedures for environmental protection. Each chapter provides detailed information regarding scientific experiments that were carried out in different parts of the world to test different procedures and methods designed to remove or mitigate the impact of hazardous pollutants on environment. The book is addressed to researchers and students with specialties in biotechnology, bioengineering, ecotoxicology, environmental engineering and all those readers who are interested to improve their knowledge in order to keep the Earth healthy.
The enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds has been generating interest in several fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. These compounds are employed for their antioxidant properties; however, their use is limited by their low solubility and thermal stability. Polymerization can improve their solubility and their thermal stability though and create new properties which are dependent on the molecular mass and the structure of polymers. The reaction yield, the polydispersity, the molecular mass, the structure and the properties of synthesized polymers can be controlled by the mode of control of the reaction and by the reaction conditions. Enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds by oxidoreductases analyze the processes used and the key factors (temperature, solvent, origin of the enzyme, structure of the substrate, reactor design, ...) which control the polymerization of phenolic species by these oxidoreductase enzymes in order to obtain polymers with desired characteristics and properties.
As global concerns grow surrounding the environment, climate, and sustainability, International Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting presents business case studies from different sectors across different regions, highlighting the changing institutional contexts and laws in each country regarding sustainability reporting.
Conte populaire de Mauritanie relatant les circonstances de l'ascension d'un esclave qui grâce une sens élevé de la fidélité et à la persévérance doublée d'une intelligence raisonnée parvient à se métamorphoser en un sultan.
This collection of fourteen connected stories and a novella, From the Secret History of Numan Abdel Hafez, takes us deep into Upper Egypt and the village of Dayrut al-Sharif, in which Mohamed Mustagab was born. To depict a world renowned for its poverty, ignorance, vendettas, and implacable code of honor, Mustagab deploys the black humor and Swiftian sarcasm of the insider who knows his society only too well. When the stillness of a day's end is shattered by a single gunshot, poignant beauty merges seamlessly into horror, and when a police officer seeking to unravel a murder finds himself with more body parts than he knows what to do with, violence tips as easily into farce. In counterpoint, the author's often surrealist imagination explores the mysteries of a landscape where seductive women haunt dusty paths and a man may find himself crushed like a worm beneath another's foot. Elsewhere, the horizons of 'my village' expand to include other countries (the author worked in the Arabian Peninsula for a number of years), where equally disastrous consequences follow on folly and self-delusion. Previously almost unknown in English, Mustagab's voice is both original and disturbing.
A masterful coming-of-age novel and a gripping investigation into the life of a mysterious author who disappeared without a trace, by the first writer from sub-Saharan Africa to be awarded France’s prestigious Prix Goncourt. Paris, 2018. Diégane Latyr Faye, a young Senegalese writer, discovers a legendary book published in 1938 titled The Maze of Inhumanity. No one knows what happened to the author, T.C. Elimane, once referred to as the “Black Rimbaud.” After he was accused of plagiarism, his reputation was destroyed by the critics. He subsequently disappeared without a trace. Curiosity turns to obsession, and Faye embarks on a quest to uncover the fate of the mysterious T.C. Elimane. His search weaves past and present, countries and continents, following the author’s labyrinthine trail from Senegal to Argentina and France and confronting the great tragedies of history. Alongside his investigation, Faye becomes part of a group of young African writers in Paris. They talk, drink, make love, and philosophize about the role of exile in artistic creation. He becomes particularly close to two women: the seductive Siga, keeper of secrets, and the fleeting photojournalist Aïda. But throughout, a question persists: will he get to the truth at the center of the maze? A gripping detective novel without a detective and a masterpiece of perpetual reinvention, The Most Secret Memory of Men confronts the impact of colonialism and neo-colonialism, the holocaust in Europe, dictatorships in South America and the Caribbean, genocide in Africa, and collaboration and resistance everywhere. Above all, it is a love song to literature and its timeless power.
Natural phenolics are powerful bioactive compounds, but their use as antioxidant agents in lipid-based foodstuffs and cosmetics is limited due to their hydrophilic traits. A promising technique to overcome low solubility of phenolics is to increase their hydrophobicity by grafting with lipophilic moiety to form lipid-enriched phenolics (lipo-phenolics). Another way to enhance the amphiphilic traits of phenolics is by lipophilization with phospholipids in a suitable solvent to form phenolics-enriched phospholipids (pheno-phospholipids). Both functionalized phenolics (phenolipids) exhibit high bioavailability and antioxidative potential. Functional phenolics-enriched phospholipids (pheno-phospholipids) play an important role in enhancing the functional properties of both phenolic compounds and phospholipids in food for their use in nutrition and health. Phenolipids have also found applications on an industrial scale, likely due to low costs, the availability of starting material and safety. Recent advances in the field of lipophilization allow accessing molecules with high potency and targeted action covering a wide spectrum of bioactivities. Owing to their cost and availability, phenolipids find applications in niche sectors such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics as well as in the novel food. This book reports on the chemistry, preparation, and functionality of lipid-enriched phenolics (lipo-phenolics), broadening their applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The strategies of the lipophilization of phenolics, the effect of modification on the biological properties and potential applications of the resulting lipo-phenolics are reviewed. The text also discusses the preparation, physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of phenolipids and phytosomes, including the latest developments and their current industrial status.
Ayn al-'Asal True, the elders die, but the youngsters do not forget, and issues of life do not distract them. The Palestinian people are like cactus, thorny but its fruit is sweet. If they cut a part of it and throw it somewhere else, it grows and becomes a new plant. Here is where the value of this unique novel lies. Because it explains the struggles of the youngsters who did not forget. It explains the struggles of the young generation in the interest of liberating Palestine.
Using a sample of publicly listed banks from 62 countries over the 1991-2017 period, we investigate the impact of capital on banks’ cost of equity. Consistent with the theoretical prediction that more equity in the capital mix leads to a fall in firms’ costs of equity, we find that better capitalized banks enjoy lower equity costs. Our baseline estimations indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in a bank’s equity-to-assets ratio lowers its cost of equity by about 18 basis points. Our results also suggest that the form of capital that investors value the most is sheer equity capital; other forms of capital, such as Tier 2 regulatory capital, are less (or not at all) valued by investors. Additionally, our main finding that capital has a negative effect on banks’ cost of equity holds in both developed and developing countries. The results of this paper provide the missing evidence in the debate on the effects of higher capital requirements on banks’ funding costs.
New Strategies Targeting Cancer Metabolism: Anticancer Drugs, Synthetic Analogues and Antitumor Agents presents up-to-date synthetic strategies for three categories of antimetabolites: antifolates, purines and pyrimidines, the main classes of antimetabolites which are integrated into various pharmaceutical agents. Many of these antimetabolites are considered potent chemotherapeutic agents which have great potential impact on medical research. These main classes of antimetabolites are used in the treatment of critical diseases including cancer, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and many other non-malignant diseases. Antineoplastic drugs such as alkylating agents which have significant effects are described. Novel synthetic strategies for many anticancer alkylating agents including nitrogen mustards, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosamide, oxaliplatin and temozolomide are explored. Natural products have offered some of the most significant drugs for treating cancer, as many drugs currently in clinical use are derived from natural products as camptothecins, vinca alkaloids, and derivatives of podophyllotoxin. They provide a contribution that is essential for modern drug discovery and development. In this book, insights into a broad array of novel compounds are reviewed, well-recognized synthetic approaches are emphasized for further anticancer drug development and discovery, and the biological evaluation of novel synthesized compounds are included. This comprehensive reference is a valuable resource for medical chemists working in drug discovery and development, as well as pharmacologists and biochemists working in related fields. Provides the only resource dedicated to synthetic strategies of antimetabolites Features synthetic strategies for nucleosides and their analogues Includes coverage of purine-, pyrimidine- and antifolate-based anticancer drugs The most significant anticancer alkylating agents and natural products are demonstrated
Mohamed Charfi advocates a profound revision of Islamic thought. He insists on a new reading of Islamic history and law, and explains why this is necessary. He stresses the primordial importance of education, and its independence from propagandists.
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