ABSTRACT Since September 11-2001, Western scholars classified the study of Islamic Jihad as one of the most important disciplines to be examined. They began to review the relevant original sources of Islam in depth. Many efforts were made by those scholars to understand The Quran, holy book of all Muslims, looking for evidence that might support existing links between Islamic Jihad and the contemporary terroristic activities, if any. On the other hand, Muslim scholars and politicians have condemned all patterns of the contemporary terrorism, and have repeatedly confirmed the fact that Islam is a religion of peace, mercy and justice. Muslim scholars routinely provide positive evidence from The Quran and other Islamic sources to support the quality of Islamic teachings and guidelines. However, Muslim scholars and politicians have never attempted to comment or thoroughly elaborate such evidence or Quranic verses related to Jihad and fighting for the Cause of Allah as pointed-out by non-Muslim scholars. The dilemma facing Muslim scholars and politicians is not only to assure the quality of Islamic teachings, or to quote Quranic verses, which are not readily visible in most of the Islamic communities of today. The real dilemma is to provide satisfactory explanations and a uniform concept of Jihad or fighting for the Cause of Allah based on such variable sources. The challenge facing Muslim Scholars is adopting a common understanding on Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah. It is urgent to determine whether Jihad or Fighting for the Cause of Allah is defensive or offensive, and to what extent. Whom are the targets of Jihad and fighting for the Cause of Allah? How and who is responsible in managing Jihad and Fighting Affares? What is the responsibility of the Islamic countries in combating Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah, as far as they are obliged by the international laws? Does Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah constitute a threat to International peace and security? This study provides an outline for the concept of Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah from the perspective of the Muslim scholars and non-Muslim scholars. The intention of this study is inviting, or even provoking Muslim scholars to provide well established defense and come together with a uniform response that might create a favorable environment for all Muslims first, and for the human being second. This study is an attempt to: • Enhance the adoption of a uniform understanding of Islamic Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah and enforce such understanding among the Muslims first • Provide a unanimously acceptable explanation of the Quranic verses related to Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah. • Underline available Quranic and Sunna evidence that might nullify any allegations against Jihad and Fighting non-Muslims in the context of the contemporary thinking of western scholars. • Finally, to determine how far Islamic Jihad and Fighting for the Cause of Allah is a religious worshipping, and does not constitute any form of threat or terror for non-Muslims. By highlighting the controversial opinions of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars, this study may provide grounds to distinguish between Islamic Jihad and contemporary terroristic activities and political violence.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, and in light of the tremendous development that pervaded information and communication technology, criminality entered a new phase characterized by exploiting information and communication technology in committing and concealing crimes. This resulted in new patterns of serious crimes known as cybercrime, which required a similar treatment based on Information Technology, Electronic communications, Digital Investigation , Digital Evidence and Artificial Evidence, which has introduced new terms into the lexicon of Forensics and police sciences.
Skin Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment is a clinical and practical guide to help animal scientists, field veterinarians, veterinary students, and technicians make appropriate and differential diagnoses. It features quizzes of clinical cases, along with multiple images of characteristic lesions and laboratory findings of major skin diseases (and diseases with skin manifestations) that are prevalent in tropical areas, notably the Sub-Saharan African countries. This self-learning and easy-to-use instructional guide, a unique offering in the field of animal science and veterinary medicine, provides essential and foundational information about relevant skin conditions that are followed by illustrated flow charts of laboratory diagnoses and summaries of respective diseases. This title makes the subject accessible for practicing veterinarians and animal scientists, and is particularly useful for those who have neither seen nor had the chance to see these diseases in the field or clinics. Such diseases are important not only in the tropics, but may be encountered in many countries in subtropical and temperate zones. Features more than 100 images of lesions and laboratory findings of major skin diseases and diseases with skin manifestations that are prevalent in tropical areas Includes clinical-case quizzes for self-directed learning Covers laboratory diagnosis, clinical presentations, and the summary of all important facts about the disease, including their etiology
BOOK SUMMARY Climate change is an evolving phenomenon, its outcome is affecting the whole world, such a phenomenon requires international co-operation in order to create a unified front to combat climate change, by imposing national legislations in each state. The primary concern of this study is to analyze Sudanese legislations related to climate change in contrast with international treaties ratified by Sudan, for this purpose this study discusses rights, duties and statuses of compliances under such international treaties, by comparing Sudanese legislations with international climate change treaties. Furthermore, this study discusses the adverse effects felt by Sudan as a result of climate change, the measures of adaptation taken towards climate change, Sudan’s almost non existing contribution to climate change and most importantly Sudan’s potential for universal mitigation of climate change. The results of this study transpired that the universal adverse effect of climate change extends to Sudan environmentally, economically and socially; it also revealed that there is no vibrant expression of Sudanese legislations addressing the effect of climate change and hence, Sudanese legislation shall take effective action to adapt a comprehensive legal framework explicitly addressing mitigation and adaptations of climate change. Adoption of an explicit climate change legislation will help Sudan in adapting to the adverse effect of climate change and how Sudan’s national resources and agricultural lands can play a great role in universal mitigation of climate change.
Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Transport in Porous Media: MATLAB/PYTHON Approach focuses on modeling and numerical aspects of nanoparticle transport within single- and two-phase flow in porous media. The book discusses modeling development, dimensional analysis, numerical solutions and convergence analysis. Actual types of porous media have been considered, including heterogeneous, fractured, and anisotropic. Moreover, different interactions with nanoparticles are studied, such as magnetic nanoparticles, ferrofluids and polymers. Finally, several machine learning techniques are implemented to predict nanoparticle transport in porous media. This book provides a complete full reference in mathematical modeling and numerical aspects of nanoparticle transport in porous media. It is an important reference source for engineers, mathematicians, and materials scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of modeling, simulation, and analysis at the nanoscale. Explains the major simulation models and numerical techniques used for predicting nanoscale transport phenomena Provides MATLAB codes for most of the numerical simulation and Python codes for machine learning calculations Uses examples and results to illustrate each model type to the reader Assesses major application areas for each model type
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