This monograph provides readers with tools for the analysis, and control of systems with fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom to be controlled, i.e., underactuated systems. The text deals with the consequences of a lack of a general theory that would allow methodical treatment of such systems and the ad hoc approach to control design that often results, imposing a level of organization whenever the latter is lacking. The authors take as their starting point the construction of a graphical characterization or control flow diagram reflecting the transmission of generalized forces through the degrees of freedom. Underactuated systems are classified according to the three main structures by which this is found to happen—chain, tree, and isolated vertex—and control design procedures proposed. The procedure is applied to several well-known examples of underactuated systems: acrobot; pendubot; Tora system; ball and beam; inertia wheel; and robotic arm with elastic joint. The text is illustrated with MATLABsup®/sup/Simulink® simulations that demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods detailed./ppReaders interested in aircraft, vehicle control or various forms of walking robot will be able to learn from iUnderactuated Mechanical Systems
Vehicles are complex mechanical systems with strong nonlinear characteristics and which can present some uncertainties due to their dynamic parameters such as masses, inertias, suspension springs, tires side slip coefficients, etc. A vehicle is composed of many parts, namely the unsprung mass, the sprung mass, the suspension which makes the link between these two masses and therefore ensures passenger comfort, and also the pneumatic which absorbs the energy coming from the road and ensures contact between the vehicle and the road. In addition to its complexity and the presence of many nonlinearities and uncertainties, the presence of some external perturbations, such as the wind and the road inputs with its own characteristics (radius of curvature, longitudinal and lateral slop, road profile and skid resistance) can cause risks not only to the vehicle but also to passengers and other road users. Many methods have been developed in order to understand the behavior of a vehicle ( light and heavy vehicle), control it and assist the driver in order to avoid possible lane departures, rollover or jackknifing risks, to ensure a better passenger comfort by means of a suspension control and/or to estimate a safety speed and trajectory.
Vehicles are complex mechanical systems with strong nonlinear characteristics and which can present some uncertainties due to their dynamic parameters such as masses, inertias, suspension springs, tires side slip coefficients, etc. A vehicle is composed of many parts, namely the unsprung mass, the sprung mass, the suspension which makes the link between these two masses and therefore ensures passenger comfort, and also the pneumatic which absorbs the energy coming from the road and ensures contact between the vehicle and the road. In addition to its complexity and the presence of many nonlinearities and uncertainties, the presence of some external perturbations, such as the wind and the road inputs with its own characteristics (radius of curvature, longitudinal and lateral slop, road profile and skid resistance) can cause risks not only to the vehicle but also to passengers and other road users. Many methods have been developed in order to understand the behavior of a vehicle ( light and heavy vehicle), control it and assist the driver in order to avoid possible lane departures, rollover or jackknifing risks, to ensure a better passenger comfort by means of a suspension control and/or to estimate a safety speed and trajectory.
This monograph provides readers with tools for the analysis, and control of systems with fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom to be controlled, i.e., underactuated systems. The text deals with the consequences of a lack of a general theory that would allow methodical treatment of such systems and the ad hoc approach to control design that often results, imposing a level of organization whenever the latter is lacking. The authors take as their starting point the construction of a graphical characterization or control flow diagram reflecting the transmission of generalized forces through the degrees of freedom. Underactuated systems are classified according to the three main structures by which this is found to happen—chain, tree, and isolated vertex—and control design procedures proposed. The procedure is applied to several well-known examples of underactuated systems: acrobot; pendubot; Tora system; ball and beam; inertia wheel; and robotic arm with elastic joint. The text is illustrated with MATLABsup®/sup/Simulink® simulations that demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods detailed./ppReaders interested in aircraft, vehicle control or various forms of walking robot will be able to learn from iUnderactuated Mechanical Systems
This book studies selected advanced flight control schemes for an uncertain quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems in the presence of constant external disturbances, parametric uncertainties, measurement noise, time-varying external disturbances, and random external disturbances. Furthermore, in all the control techniques proposed in this book, it includes the simulation results with comparison to other nonlinear control schemes recently developed for the tracking control of a quadrotor UAV. The main contributions of the present book for quadrotor UAV systems are as follows: (i) the proposed control methods are based on the high-order sliding mode controller (SMC) and hybrid control algorithm with an optimization method. (ii) the finite-time control schemes are developed by using fast terminal SMC (FTSMC), nonsingular FTSMC (NFTSMC), global time-varying SMC, and adaptive laws. (iii) the fractional-order flight control schemes are developed by using the fractional-order calculus theory, super twisting algorithm, NFTSMC, and the SMC. This book covers the research history and importance of quadrotor system subject to system uncertainties, external wind disturbances, and noise measurements, as well as the research status of advanced flight control methods, adaptive flight control methods, and flight control based on fractional-order theory. The book would be interesting to most academic undergraduate, postgraduates, researchers on flight control for drones and applications of advanced controllers in engineering field. This book presents a must-survey for advanced finite-time control for quadrotor system. Some parts of this book have the potential of becoming the courses for the modelling and control of autonomous flying machines. Readers (academic researcher, undergraduate student, postgraduate student, MBA/executive, and education practitioner) interested in nonlinear control methods find this book an investigation. This book can be used as a good reference for the academic research on the control theory, drones, terminal sliding mode control, and related to this or used in Ph.D. study of control theory and their application in field engineering.
This book presents a detailed survey of language attitudes, conflicts and policies over the period from 1830, when the French occupied Algeria, up to 2012, the year this country celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence. It traces the evolution of language planning policies and reactions to them in both the colonial and post-colonial eras.
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