Somali people speak quite a number of languages and dialects, Maay and Mahaa being the lingua franca of the majority. In 1972, the latter was put in a written format and became the national language of the country. This experiment alienated the other Somali languages and produced tremendous disenchantment, particularly on the part of the Maay speakers. In 2003, however, the Somali Peace and Reconciliation Conference at Mbegathi, Kenya, acknowledged that Maay will be another official language of the Somali Republic. This English-Maay Dictionary is the first experiment exploring the roots of Maay language and its relationship to the other Somali dialects as well the Kushitic family of languages in the Horn of Africa. The dictionary provides over 15,000 of the most frequently used words in Maay and their English translations, with numerous examples of their every day usage. The dictionary is a vital addition to reference collections supporting undergraduate and graduate programs on African and Middle Eastern Studies. It is also an essential tool for non-Somali case workers such as those in refugee camps, immigration and naturalization officials or lawyers dealing with Somali asylum seekers. It is equally a vital tool for interpreters and translators working on court cases, hospitals and legal papers as well as for public school teachers on ESL programs that teach Maay- speaking children in English- speaking countries.
A B S T R A C T ABDI, MOHAMED A: BA WHITTIER COLLEGE, 1966 MPA SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, 1969 MPH FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 1996 CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND NATION-BUILDING IN SOMALIA Publication Scheduled for January 2012 The research concentrated on the current as well as the past quagmire of the Somali conflict. Political, social and economic triggers have been identified to resolve or reduce violent conflict and disorder. The research used primary as well as secondary sources to study the issues and explore the problems inherent in an environment of scarce resources. Confrontations between the state and society were brought to a higher level of violence since the late 1970s following the Somali-Ethiopian war. The author explored avenues for reconciliation and nation-building and introduced several models as possible strategies for nation-building. Conclusively, a home-grown, traditional mechanisms model was recommended which entails the following policy prescriptions to achieve long-lasting peace and security for Somalia: 1. Governance structures of law and order. 2. Resources: De-escalating conflicts by opening up negotiating opportunities of land and property. 3. Complete demilitarization of society. 4. International cooperation. A plan by the international community to reconstruct and rehabilitate Somalia is essential if we have to avoid a relapse into a chaotic, violent situation in Somalia.
This book is a critical reposition of the study of military regimes in Africa. Documenting and delving deep into the reign and rule of General Mohamed Siad Barre regime in Somalia from 1969 up to 1991, the book puts emphasis on African agencies—ostensibly shaped by external beneficiaries and patrons—over what went wrong with Africa after the much-awaited post-colonial period. It does so by critically engaging with the wider theoretical and conceptual frameworks in African Studies which more often than not tend to attribute the post-colonial African State raptures to colonialism. The main thesis of the book is that colonialism left Africa on its own space wherein African leaders could have made a difference. By putting discrete perspectives into historical context, the book circumnavigates through comparative and comprehensive holistic approach to the Siad Barre regime to reveal how colonialism did not produce less than what criminalisation of the State resulted in Somalia. This empirical analysis is crucial to understanding the contemporary conundrum facing the Somali world today. The argument is that the contemporary conflicts are not only attributable to—but also because of—the past plunders of the post-colonial leaders trained by the departed colonial authorities. Employing nuanced analytic concepts and categories, the aim of the book is to refine the past to recapture the present and envision the future. Framing new ways of analyzing military regimes in Africa begins with (re)assessment of how the Siad Barre regime was previously approached. Marshalling extensive and extraordinary amount of sources, the book unveils the intricacies and contradictions of the dictatorship and its impact on the Somali psyche. The book locates the evolution of the regime within the wider context of the Cold War political contestation between the East and the West. Unparalleled in-depth and analysis, this book is the first full-length scholarly study of the Siad Barre regime systematically explaining the politics and process of the dictatorial rule. The historicity of exploring Somali State trajectory entails employing a Braudelian longue durée approach. Thus, three interrelated sets of contexts/questions inform the study: how Siad Barre himself came into power, how he ruled and maintained his authoritarian reign over the Somalis and who had assisted him from inside and outside the Somali world.
The four short years since Digital Communication over Fading Channels became an instant classic have seen a virtual explosion of significant new work on the subject, both by the authors and by numerous researchers around the world. Foremost among these is a great deal of progress in the area of transmit diversity and space-time coding and the associated multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) channel. This new edition gathers these and other results, previously scattered throughout numerous publications, into a single convenient and informative volume. Like its predecessor, this Second Edition discusses in detail coherent and noncoherent communication systems as well as a large variety of fading channel models typical of communication links found in the real world. Coverage includes single- and multichannel reception and, in the case of the latter, a large variety of diversity types. The moment generating function (MGF)-based approach for performance analysis, introduced by the authors in the first edition and referred to in literally hundreds of publications, still represents the backbone of the book's presentation. Important features of this new edition include: * An all-new, comprehensive chapter on transmit diversity, space-time coding, and the MIMO channel, focusing on performance evaluation * Coverage of new and improved diversity schemes * Performance analyses of previously known schemes in new and different fading scenarios * A new chapter on the outage probability of cellular mobile radio systems * A new chapter on the capacity of fading channels * And much more Digital Communication over Fading Channels, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for graduate students, researchers investigating these systems, and practicing engineers responsible for evaluating their performance.
Mohamed’s Mission spans the fall of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, the rise of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Soviet Derg, and the attempt by the Somalian dictatorial president, Ziad Barre, to reconquer Ethiopian territory that was once considered part of Greater Somalia before western powers divvied up the Horn of Africa. Those arbitrary national boundaries fractured previous clan territorial arrangements on all sides of Somalia, ensuring conflict in the future. Mohamed Osmaan’s life threads through the story, a light trace illuminating the plight of the Oromo, the largest ethnonation in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The reader witnesses the heavy hand of the naftagna, and deaths from cholera and famine due to wilful government negligence. Mohamed, his character strengthened by his devotion to Allah and the Quraan, resolves many disputes, consoles the mistreated, and brings justice to bear within a violent environment, and in so doing suffers frequent imprisonment and torture. Mohamed parlays a collaboration between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) founded by Jaarraa Abbaa Gadaa and the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF), and is responsible for an all-Oromo three-battallion Saddahaad within the WSLF, which serves to protect the many defenceless, neutral Oromo villages in the battle zone during the Ethio-Somali war, and chases off Somali rebel bandits afterwards. Befriending members of the Afran Qalloo Network and village elders along the way, Mohamed forges an escape route to Hargeeysa that allows prominent and homeless Oromos to flee Ethiopian persecution. Before becoming a member of the diaspora, Mohamed sought to unify the two OLF factions: one under the command of Jaarraa, the other led by Leencoo Lattaa. Realizing a divided OLF would remain ineffective, he traveled to Saudi Arabia to try to persuade the powerful Sheekh Amaan to negotiate a reconciliation. Unfortunately, he was unsuccessful. While in Saudi, he experienced Hajj. These are some of the highpoints. There is so much more!
Despite advances in modern communication and the proliferation of information, there remain areas of the world about which little is known. One such place is Somalia. The informed public is aware of a political meltdown and consequent chaos there, but few comprehend the causes of this tragic crisis. This new edition covers Somalia's origin, history, culture, and language, as well as current economic and political issues. The alphabetical arrangement of this Dictionary, with a complete chronology, list of acronyms, and in-depth bibliography provide useful information about the country in a convenient format. A vital addition to reference collections supporting undergraduate and graduate programs on Africa and the Middle East, international relations, and economics- a useful fact-filled compendium for government and public libraries, NGO's, and other special libraries
Somalia, the Horn of Africa nation, is finally recovering from recent wars and famine. Written by a native Somali, Culture and Customs of Somalia gives students and interested readers an in-depth look at the land and people, past and present. It is the only accessible, comprehensive, and up-to-date general reference on this country. Somalia was once colonized by Europeans, but Abdullahi's superb survey, with its historical context, evokes a Somaliland from a Somali viewpoint. This Muslim country has strong pastoral roots and is known as a land of poets with a long oral cultural tradition. Some highlights found herein include discussion of handcrafts and artisanry, distinctive architecture and nomad housing, camel culture, intriguing food and eating customs, rites of passage, leisure and economic pursuits, education, and the Somali musical genres. A chronology, glossary, and numerous photos enhance the text.
r. Eno's poetry represents a beautiful corona amidst the earlier African poetry. - Prof. Monica Nalyaka W. Mweseli, Dept. of Literature, University of Nairobi Eno writes about inequality, marginalization and oppression, among others, combining the English language with a writing style that shows an interrelationship between social thought and environment. - Saturday Nation, (Kenya) Dr. Eno, through his thought provoking and candid poems, opens a wound that many Kenya scholars must rise up and heal. The book is a mastery of the true character of African leaders who, supported by our scholars, plunder our national resources. It is also written in an African setting depicting situations such as happening in Somalia. It should be a must buy for our politicians and scholars who, when close to power, become so disconnected from the masses to a level where oppression of the marginalized, the questionable wealth of the illiterates/criminals and of leaders become the norm rather than the exception.- Victor Bwire, THE PEOPLE (Kenya)
This volume presents a fully illustrated field guide for the identification of the sharks and rays most relevant to the fisheries of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. An extensive literature review and two field surveys in the region were carried out for the preparation of this document. A total of 49 sharks and 45 batoids reliably reported for the region are listed and those common in the fisheries or likely to be found through fisheries operations are fully treated. The guide includes sections on technical terms and measurements for sharks and batoids, and fully illustrated keys to those orders and families that occur in the region. Color plates for a large number of the species are included.
Yemen, 1935. Jama is a "market boy," a half-feral child scavenging with his friends in the dusty streets of a great seaport. For Jama, life is a thrilling carnival, at least when he can fill his belly. When his mother—alternately raging and loving—dies young, she leaves him only an amulet stuffed with one hundred rupees. Jama decides to spend her life's meager savings on a search for his never-seen father; the rumors that travel along clan lines report that he is a driver for the British somewhere in the north. So begins Jama's extraordinary journey of more than a thousand miles north all the way to Egypt, by camel, by truck, by train, but mostly on foot. He slings himself from one perilous city to another, fiercely enjoying life on the road and relying on his vast clan network to shelter him and point the way to his father, who always seems just a day or two out of reach. In his travels, Jama will witness scenes of great humanity and brutality; he will be caught up in the indifferent, grinding machine of war; he will crisscross the Red Sea in search of working papers and a ship. Bursting with life and a rough joyfulness, Black Mamba Boy is debut novelist Nadifa Mohamed's vibrant, moving celebration of her family's own history.
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