This book provides the most recent knowledge on almost all key aspects of the health impact of tobacco smoking. Its 21 chapters focus on both preclinical and clinical studies. The contents are broad, covering the epidemiology of tobacco smoking; genetic epidemiology; identification of susceptibility genomic regions, genes, and pathways as determined by both human and animal studies; evolutionary relations among the different nAChR subunit genes that are so important to the nicotine response; smoking-related diseases; E-cigarettes; and smoking cessation. Furthermore, each chapter includes a detailed and comprehensive list of key references. For both clinical and basic researchers, this book is a valuable resource on nicotine dependence and other addictions.
Phase-only Fresnel holograms,' which can be displayed on a single SLM without the need for lenses or complicated optical accessories, substantially simplifies 3-D holographic display systems. Exploring essential concepts, theories, and formulations of these phase-only Fresnel holograms, this book provides comprehensive coverage of modern methods for generating such holograms, which pave the way for commercial products such as compact holographic projectors, heads-up displays, and data security enhancement. Relevant MATLAB codes are provided for readers to implement and evaluate the theories and formulations of different methods, and can be used as a quick start framework for further research and development. This is a crucial and up-to-date treatment of phase-only Fresnel holograms for students and researchers in electrical and electronic engineering, computer science/engineering, applied physics, information technology, and multimedia technology, as well as engineers and scientists in industry developing new products on 3-D displays and holographic projection.
Fundamental Physicochemical Properties of Germanene-related Materials: A Theoretical Perspective provides a comprehensive review of germanene-related materials to help users understand the essential properties of these compounds. The book covers various germanium complex states such as germanium oxides, germanium on Ag, germanium/silicon composites and germanium compounds. Diverse phenomena are clearly illustrated using the most outstanding candidates of the germanium/germanene-related material. Delicate simulations and analyses are thoroughly demonstrated under the first-principles method, being fully assisted by phenomenological models. Macroscopic phenomena in chemical systems, including their principles, practices and concepts of physics such as energy, structure, thermodynamics and quantum chemistry are fully covered. Germanium-based materials play critical roles in the basic and applied sciences, as clearly revealed in other group-IV and group-V condensed-matter systems. Their atomic configurations are suitable for creating the active chemical bonding among the identical and/or different nearest-neighboring atoms leading to diverse physical/chemical/material environments. - Provides a comprehensive review of germanene-related materials with a physicochemical and theoretical foundation that is useful for readers in understanding the essential properties of these compounds - Presents a unique theoretical framework under single and multi-hybridization theory - Contains significant combinations with phenomenological and experimental measurements - Focuses on the study of macroscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of their principles, practices and concepts of physics such as energy, structure, thermodynamics and quantum chemistry
Explore the cutting-edge in self-healing polymers and composites In Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites, a pair of distinguished materials scientists delivers an insightful and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. The book discusses how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair, high temperature applications, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. The authors emphasize the integration of existing techniques with novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication. They provide a comprehensive view of this emerging field, allowing new researchers to gather a firm understanding of the framework for creating new materials or applications. Additionally, the book includes: A thorough introduction to the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites, including the advances made by various laboratories and the challenges, trends, and future directions that characterize modern research in the area Comprehensive explorations of the self-healing strategies proposed by the authors, including addition polymerization, systems-based microcapsules and plastic tubes, and more Practical discussions of the application of reversible S-S bonds in self-healing polymers In-depth examinations of intrinsic self-healing via reversible C-ON bonds Perfect for polymer and materials scientists, chemists, and engineers, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in the polymer, coatings, paints, medical, defense, and pharmaceutical industries.
Lithium-Ion Batteries and Solar Cells: Physical, Chemical, and Materials Properties presents a thorough investigation of diverse physical, chemical, and materials properties and special functionalities of lithium-ion batteries and solar cells. It covers theoretical simulations and high-resolution experimental measurements that promote a full understanding of the basic science to develop excellent device performance. Employs first-principles and the machine learning method to fully explore the rich and unique phenomena of cathode, anode, and electrolyte (solid and liquid states) in lithium-ion batteries Develops distinct experimental methods and techniques to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries and solar cells Reviews syntheses, fabrication, and measurements Discusses open issues, challenges, and potential commercial applications This book is aimed at materials scientists, chemical engineers, and electrical engineers developing enhanced batteries and solar cells for peak performance.
Nanomedicine consists of the use of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in medicine. There have been extensive developments in the area of nanomedicine. The scope of this book is first to discuss the origin of nanomedicine. Following this, instead of a general overview of the whole area, 24 chapters on selected topics of important areas are described in detail. Authors are selected from around the world to give a representative and international view of the activities in the area of nanomedicine.
Traditional Chinese medicine commonly prescribes herbal formulas for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Shengmai San, a famous Chinese medicinal formula that has been used for more than eight hundred years in China, is comprised of Radix Ginseng, Fructus Schisandre and Radix Ophiopogonis. Traditionally, Shengmai San is used for the treatment
Genitourinary Pathology, by Drs. Ming Zhou and Cristina Magi-Galluzzi, a volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series, packs all of today's most essential information on genitourinary pathology into a compact, high-yield format! Well-organized and segmented by type of infectious organism, the book's pragmatic approach complemented by abundant full-color, high-quality photomicrographs and clinical photos, and at-a-glance tables makes it easy to access the information you need to quickly and accurately detect and identify molecular and genetic mechanisms of disease. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Easily review normal histology before examining abnormal findings so you can avoid false positives. Gain a superb visual understanding of important histologic features with hundreds of full-color illustrations representing a wide variety of pathologic lesions. Benefit from the same highly practical format as other titles in this series: consistent headings throughout, summary boxes for pathologic and clinical features, high quality photomicrographs and clinical photos, and a logical organization by type of infectious organism. Avoid incorrect diagnoses with a separate section on artifacts and pitfalls that highlights common problems you may encounter. Get up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the field, including new renal cell carcinoma subtypes and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate; newer immunohistochemical and molecular markers; and updates to the Gleason Grading system for prostate cancer, Fuhrman Grading system for renal cell carcinoma, and TNM classification for GU malignancies.
This book provides an overview of electronic and optical properties of graphite-related systems. It presents a well-developed and up-to-date theoretical model and addresses important advances in essential properties and diverse quantization phenomena. Key features include various Hamiltonian models, dimension-enriched carbon-related systems, complete and unusual results, detailed comparisons with the experimental measurements, clear physical pictures, and further generalizations to other emergent 2D materials. It also covers potential applications, such as touch-screen panel devices, FETs, supercapacitors, sensors, LEDs, solar cells, photodetectors, and photomodulators.
Structure- and Adatom-Enriched Essential Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons offers a systematic review of the feature-rich essential properties in emergent graphene nanoribbons, covering mainstream theoretical and experimental research. It includes a wide range of 1D systems; namely, armchair and zigzag graphene nanoribbons with and without hydrogen terminations, curved and zipped graphene nanoribbons, folded graphene nanoribbons, carbon nanoscrolls, bilayer graphene nanoribbons, edge-decorated graphene nanoribbons, and alkali-, halogen-, Al-, Ti, and Bi-absorbed graphene nanoribbons. Both multiorbital chemical bondings and spin arrangements, which are responsible for the diverse phenomena, are explored in detail. First-principles calculations are developed to thoroughly describe the physical, chemical, and material phenomena and concise images explain the fundamental properties. This book examines in detail the application and theory of graphene nanoribbons, offering a new perspective on up-to-date mainstream theoretical and experimental research.
This comprehensive book delves into the fascinating world of quasiparticle properties of graphene-related materials. The authors thoroughly explore the intricate effects of intrinsic and extrinsic interactions on the material's properties, while unifying the single-particle and many-particle properties through the development of a theoretical framework. The book covers a wide range of research topics, including long-range Coulomb interactions, dynamic charge density waves, Friedel oscillations and plasmon excitations, as well as optical reflection and transmission spectra of thin films. Also it highlights the crucial roles of inelastic Coulomb scattering and optical scattering in the quasiparticle properties of layered systems, and the impact of crystal symmetry, number of layers, and stacking configuration on their uniqueness. Furthermore, the authors explore the topological properties of quasiparticles, including 2D time-reversal-symmetry protected topological insulators with quantum spin Hall effect, and rhombohedral graphite with Dirac nodal lines. Meanwhile, the book examines the gate potential application for creating topological localized states and shows topological invariants of 2D Dirac fermions, and binary Z2 topological invariants under chiral symmetry. The calculated results are consistent with the present experimental observations, establishing it as a valuable resource for individuals interested in the quasiparticle properties of novel materials.
Tomorrow's robots, which includes the humanoid robot, can perform task like tutoring children, working as tour guides, driving humans to and from work, do the family shopping etc. Tomorrow's robots will enhance lives in ways we never dreamed possible. No time to attend the decisive meeting on Asian strategy? Let your robot go for you and make the decisions. Not feeling well enough to go to the clinic? Let Dr Robot come to you, make a diagnosis, and get you the necessary medicine for treatment. No time to coach the soccer team this week? Let the robot do it for you.Tomorrow's robots will be the most exciting and revolutionary things to happen to the world since the invention of the automobile. It will change the way we work, play, think, and live. Because of this, nowadays robotics is one of the most dynamic fields of scientific research. These days, robotics is offered in almost every university in the world. Most mechanical engineering departments offer a similar course at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. And increasingly, many computer and electrical engineering departments are also offering it.This book will guide you, the curious beginner, from yesterday to tomorrow. The book will cover practical knowledge in understanding, developing, and using robots as versatile equipment to automate a variety of industrial processes or tasks. But, the book will also discuss the possibilities we can look forward to when we are capable of creating a vision-guided, learning machine.
This book aims to incorporate an emerging successful business model, i.e., sharing economy, into energy markets, thus digging out the potential merits and applications in multi-energy sectors. With the core idea “access over ownership”, sharing economy enables the collaborative consumption of idle resources through advanced information and communications technology. One critical challenge is to identify different market participants’ occupation while accordingly designing pricing mechanisms. This book begins with an overview about the recent development of sharing economy in energy fields, and summarizes two energy market-related issues that sharing economy can hopefully address. One is how to quantify a marginal generator’s contribution and thereby elicit truthful bidding under information asymmetry condition. The other is how to distinguish renewable and distributed energy resources’ contribution and thus incentivize efficient aggregation considering increasing scale and uncertainty. Then sharing economy mechanisms are proposed and designed from a game theory perspective. On this basis, the following chapters thoroughly investigate the specific problems in spot markets, multi-area markets, renewable energy aggregation and energy systems integration. Additionally, the benefits brought by sharing economy are evaluated in terms of regional market bidding and transmission expansion deferral. Finally, the information and communications technologies related to sharing economy are modeled and analyzed. Hopefully, this book can greatly benefit the readers who are interested in energy economics and engineering.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia, held in Singapore during December 4-6, 2012. The 59 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 106 submissions for the main conference and are accompanied by 23 presentations of 4 special sessions. The papers are organized in topical sections on multimedia content analysis, image and video processing, video coding and multimedia information processing, image/video processing and analysis, video coding and multimedia system, advanced image and video coding, cross media learning with structural priors, as well as efficient multimedia analysis and utilization.
This survey of portfolio theory, from its modern origins through more sophisticated, “postmodern” incarnations, evaluates portfolio risk according to the first four moments of any statistical distribution: mean, variance, skewness, and excess kurtosis. In pursuit of financial models that more accurately describe abnormal markets and investor psychology, this book bifurcates beta on either side of mean returns. It then evaluates this traditional risk measure according to its relative volatility and correlation components. After specifying a four-moment capital asset pricing model, this book devotes special attention to measures of market risk in global banking regulation. Despite the deficiencies of modern portfolio theory, contemporary finance continues to rest on mean-variance optimization and the two-moment capital asset pricing model. The term postmodern portfolio theory captures many of the advances in financial learning since the original articulation of modern portfolio theory. A comprehensive approach to financial risk management must address all aspects of portfolio theory, from the beautiful symmetries of modern portfolio theory to the disturbing behavioral insights and the vastly expanded mathematical arsenal of the postmodern critique. Mastery of postmodern portfolio theory’s quantitative tools and behavioral insights holds the key to the efficient frontier of risk management.
A collection of 69 papers which were presented at the IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging Symposium, 1999. They appear in 13 sessions on subjects such as: image retrieval applications; multimedia management and retrieval systems; video retrieval; and image browsing.
This book constitutes the strictly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Database Issues for Data Visualization, held in conjunction with the IEEE Visualization '95 conference in Atlanta, Georgia, in October 1995. Besides 13 revised full papers, the book presents three workshop subgroup reports summarizing the contents of the book as well as the state-of-the-art in the areas of scientific data modelling, supporting interactive database exploration, and visualization related metadata. The volume provides a snapshop of current research in the area and surveys the problems that must be addressed now and in the future towards the integration of database management systems and data visualization.
Briefly, we review the basic elements of computability theory and prob ability theory that are required. Finally, in order to place the subject in the appropriate historical and conceptual context we trace the main roots of Kolmogorov complexity. This way the stage is set for Chapters 2 and 3, where we introduce the notion of optimal effective descriptions of objects. The length of such a description (or the number of bits of information in it) is its Kolmogorov complexity. We treat all aspects of the elementary mathematical theory of Kolmogorov complexity. This body of knowledge may be called algo rithmic complexity theory. The theory of Martin-Lof tests for random ness of finite objects and infinite sequences is inextricably intertwined with the theory of Kolmogorov complexity and is completely treated. We also investigate the statistical properties of finite strings with high Kolmogorov complexity. Both of these topics are eminently useful in the applications part of the book. We also investigate the recursion theoretic properties of Kolmogorov complexity (relations with Godel's incompleteness result), and the Kolmogorov complexity version of infor mation theory, which we may call "algorithmic information theory" or "absolute information theory. " The treatment of algorithmic probability theory in Chapter 4 presup poses Sections 1. 6, 1. 11. 2, and Chapter 3 (at least Sections 3. 1 through 3. 4).
With the increasing globalisation of business, Asia has much to teach and to learn in the areas of management theory, research and education. The relevance and impact of Asian business practices are scrutinized in this volume which presents chapters written by international scholars on issues such as strategic management, organisational behavior, the performance of multinationals, foreign investments and human resource management. Advances in these areas within an Asian context can make a global contribution to the research on management theory. This volume consists of the principal contributions from the inaugural conference of the Asia Academy of Management and will be of interest to business practitioners, academics and students interested in Asian management.
Negative strand RNA viruses have a unique mechanism of replication. Their genome is a single strand RNA that has to be transcribed as soon as the virus enters the host in order to carry out viral replication. As a result, a viral-specific RNA polymerase is packaged in the virion and is ready for transcription after virus entry. This novel replication mechanism dictates the assembly and RNA synthesis of negative strand RNA viruses. In recent years, many discoveries have been made with regard to the entry, replication and assembly of this class of viruses. This book will present updated coverage of the fundamental knowledge about negative strand RNA viruses.
Due to its physical, chemical, and material properties, graphene has been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally since it was first synthesized in 2004. This book explores in detail the most up-to-date research in graphene-related systems, including few-layer graphene, sliding bilayer graphene, rippled graphene, carbon nanotubes, and adatom-doped graphene, among others. It focuses on the structure-, stacking-, layer-, orbital-, spin- and adatom-dependent essential properties, in which single- and multi-orbital chemical bondings can account for diverse phenomena. Geometric and Electronic Properties of Graphene-Related Systems: Chemical Bonding Schemes is excellent for graduate students and researchers, but understandable to undergraduates. The detailed theoretical framework developed in this book can be used in the future characterization of emergent materials.
Integrated circuit (IC) reliability is of increasing concern in present-day IC technology where the interconnect failures significantly increases the failure rate for ICs with decreasing interconnect dimension and increasing number of interconnect levels. Electromigration (EM) of interconnects has now become the dominant failure mechanism that determines the circuit reliability. This brief addresses the readers to the necessity of 3D real circuit modelling in order to evaluate the EM of interconnect system in ICs, and how they can create such models for their own applications. A 3-dimensional (3D) electro-thermo-structural model as opposed to the conventional current density based 2-dimensional (2D) models is presented at circuit-layout level.
Graphene-like materials have attracted considerable interest in the fields of condensed-matter physics, chemistry, and materials science due to their interesting properties as well as the promise of a broad range of applications in energy storage, electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices.The contents present the diverse phenomena under development in the grand quasiparticle framework through the first-principles calculations. The critical mechanisms, the orbital hybridizations and spin configurations of graphene-like materials through the chemical adsorptions, intercalations, substitutions, decorations, and heterojunctions, are taken into account. Specifically, the hydrogen-, oxygen-, transition-metal- and rare-earth-dependent compounds are thoroughly explored for the unusual spin distributions. The developed theoretical framework yields concise physical, chemical, and material pictures. The delicate evaluations are thoroughly conducted on the optimal lattices, the atom- and spin-dominated energy bands, the orbital-dependent sub-envelope functions, the spatial charge distributions, the atom- orbital- and spin-projected density of states, the spin densities, the magnetic moments, and the rich optical excitations. All consistent quantities are successfully identified by the multi-orbital hybridizations in various chemical bonds and guest- and host-induced spin configurations.The scope of the book is sufficiently broad and deep in terms of the geometric, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of 3D, 2D, 1D, and 0D graphene-like materials with different kinds of chemical modifications. How to evaluate and analyze the first-principles results is discussed in detail. The development of the theoretical framework, which can present the diversified physical, chemical, and material phenomena, is obviously illustrated for each unusual condensed-matter system. To achieve concise physical and chemical pictures, the direct and close combinations of the numerical simulations and the phenomenological models are made frequently available via thorough discussions. It provides an obvious strategy for the theoretical framework, very useful for science and engineering communities.
This book provides the most recent knowledge on almost all key aspects of the health impact of tobacco smoking. Its 21 chapters focus on both preclinical and clinical studies. The contents are broad, covering the epidemiology of tobacco smoking; genetic epidemiology; identification of susceptibility genomic regions, genes, and pathways as determined by both human and animal studies; evolutionary relations among the different nAChR subunit genes that are so important to the nicotine response; smoking-related diseases; E-cigarettes; and smoking cessation. Furthermore, each chapter includes a detailed and comprehensive list of key references. For both clinical and basic researchers, this book is a valuable resource on nicotine dependence and other addictions.
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