This book provides a wide variety of algorithms and models to integrate linguistic knowledge into Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). It helps advance conventional SMT to linguistically motivated SMT by enhancing the following three essential components: translation, reordering and bracketing models. It also serves the purpose of promoting the in-depth study of the impacts of linguistic knowledge on machine translation. Finally it provides a systematic introduction of Bracketing Transduction Grammar (BTG) based SMT, one of the state-of-the-art SMT formalisms, as well as a case study of linguistically motivated SMT on a BTG-based platform.
Foreign aid has connected China and the international community through many channels, and created new types of strong partnerships throughout the world. As a recipient country, China and donors have engaged in an unprecedentedly deep level of cooperation on development-related issues. China’s development experience has resulted in key changes to the relationships and partnerships between China and donors, from receiving foreign aid to entering into development cooperation. China has provided valuable experiences for other developing countries, experiences that are all the more relevant because they have revealed key factors at work in developing recipient countries. This has also led China to form closer cooperative relationships with other developing countries with regard to development issues. In short, foreign aid has changed China.
This book introduces the point cloud; its applications in industry, and the most frequently used datasets. It mainly focuses on three computer vision tasks -- point cloud classification, segmentation, and registration -- which are fundamental to any point cloud-based system. An overview of traditional point cloud processing methods helps readers build background knowledge quickly, while the deep learning on point clouds methods include comprehensive analysis of the breakthroughs from the past few years. Brand-new explainable machine learning methods for point cloud learning, which are lightweight and easy to train, are then thoroughly introduced. Quantitative and qualitative performance evaluations are provided. The comparison and analysis between the three types of methods are given to help readers have a deeper understanding. With the rich deep learning literature in 2D vision, a natural inclination for 3D vision researchers is to develop deep learning methods for point cloud processing. Deep learning on point clouds has gained popularity since 2017, and the number of conference papers in this area continue to increase. Unlike 2D images, point clouds do not have a specific order, which makes point cloud processing by deep learning quite challenging. In addition, due to the geometric nature of point clouds, traditional methods are still widely used in industry. Therefore, this book aims to make readers familiar with this area by providing comprehensive overview of the traditional methods and the state-of-the-art deep learning methods. A major portion of this book focuses on explainable machine learning as a different approach to deep learning. The explainable machine learning methods offer a series of advantages over traditional methods and deep learning methods. This is a main highlight and novelty of the book. By tackling three research tasks -- 3D object recognition, segmentation, and registration using our methodology -- readers will have a sense of how to solve problems in a different way and can apply the frameworks to other 3D computer vision tasks, thus give them inspiration for their own future research. Numerous experiments, analysis and comparisons on three 3D computer vision tasks (object recognition, segmentation, detection and registration) are provided so that readers can learn how to solve difficult Computer Vision problems.
In this volume, Prof. Ye and his coworkers propose and review the concept of nano-bio probe design for biochemical analysis on the basis of their recent published works. A unique biochemical analysis technology based on fluorescence polarization enhanced by nanoparticles is described here with successful applications in environmental monitoring, rapid and sensitive sensing protease activity and high-throughput screening of inhibitors. Furthermore, they introduce a versatile molecular beacon (MB)-like probe for the multiplex sensing of targets such as sequence-specific DNA, protein, metal ions and small molecule compounds based on the self-assembled biomolecule-graphene conjugates. Besides, some colorimetric and luminescence probes utilizing metal nanoparticles for biochemical applications are also presented, such as chiral enantiomer discrimination and separation, environmental monitoring, clinic diagnosis and etc.
Since the appearance of computers, numerical methods for discontinuous solutions of quasi-linear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations have been among the most important research subjects in numerical analysis. The authors have developed a new difference method (named the singularity-separating method) for quasi-linear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations. Its most important feature is that it possesses a high accuracy even for problems with singularities such as schocks, contact discontinuities, rarefaction waves and detonations. Besides the thorough description of the method itself, its mathematical foundation (stability-convergence theory of difference schemes for initial-boundary-value hyperbolic problems) and its application to supersonic flow around bodies are discussed. Further, the method of lines and its application to blunt body problems and conical flow problems are described in detail. This book should soon be an important working basis for both graduate students and researchers in the field of partial differential equations as well as in mathematical physics.
This book presents the essential ideas of coherent states and provides researchers and graduate students with the necessary tools for various applications of generalized coherent state theory. These applications include areas such as quantum information, quantum phase transitions, quantum many-body systems, quantum chaos, and quantum open systems. The aim of the book is to show how coherent states can be applied to an extensive range of physical systems. The authors provide many exercises at the end of each chapter to enhance the mastery of the subject. Throughout the first seven chapters, only an understanding of elementary quantum mechanics is assumed, and for the last six chapters, some basic knowledge of group theory is requested to follow the arguments.
China’s urbanization is one of the great earth-changing phenomena of recent times. The way in which China continues to urbanize will have a critical impact on the world economy, global climate change, international relations and a host of other critical issues. Understanding and responding to China’s urbanization is of paramount importance to everyone. This book represents a unique exploration of the demographic, spatial, economic and social aspects of China’s urban transformation. Based on years of fieldwork and data analysis from different types of cities and towns in every region of China, the authors present a detailed description of how China has urbanized since 1978 and an original theory about the way in which top-down and bottom-up policies have impacted urbanization. They describe China’s on-going urbanization process as a ‘double-dual’ transformation from a planned economy to a more market-oriented one and from a concern with the quantity to the quality of urbanization. In doing so, the authors provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date book on Chinese urbanization to date. This scholarly study will appeal to academics and practitioners, including professors and postgraduate students of urban studies, planning, geography, Asian studies, and other social science disciplines and professional fields concerned with cities and urban development. Professionals involved in international development, particularly in China and elsewhere in Asia, will be particularly interested in the book.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of semi-supervised approaches to dependency parsing. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, one of the main reasons for their success is that they can make use of large unlabeled data together with relatively small labeled data and have shown their advantages in the context of dependency parsing for many languages. Various semi-supervised dependency parsing approaches have been proposed in recent works which utilize different types of information gleaned from unlabeled data. The book offers readers a comprehensive introduction to these approaches, making it ideally suited as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the fields of syntactic parsing and natural language processing.
The construction and operation of highways has a significant impact on the environment. While such impact is impossible to avoid, modern highways are constructed and landscaped to minimise these impacts as far as possible. Good landscaping minimises the impact on those living or working close to the highway, while at the same time regenerating the natural landscape disturbed during construction. Using as its background the successful landscape design of the Nanjing-Hangzhou Expressway in Jiangsu Province, China, which opened to traffic in 2007, Highway Landscape Design includes reference to all aspects of the landscaping of highways, including interchanges, embankments, central reservations, bridges, service and toll station areas, and drainage systems. Appropriate consideration is given to the negative impact on the surrounding environment during the process of construction and it discusses the ecological evaluation and conservation strategy for the highway route. China is in some respects at the forefront of highway landscape design as a result of rapid growth and development coupled with the financial resources to implement major infrastructure works, and the concepts, technologies and methods developed for this Expressway provide valuable experience for sustainable development strategies for such infrastructure.
China’s financial system has become very large, diversified, and interconnected. This changing financial landscape could potentially produce systemic risks, arising primarily from growing financial interconnectedness. The paper argues that, to address the potential systemic risks, Chinese authorities should further strengthen internal coordination, notably by institutionalizing better information collection and sharing among regulators, as well as enhancing coordinated and comprehensive analysis of systemic risk.
This book investigates the problem of reducing operating cost for a video streaming content delivery network (CDN), including both the CDN’s energy and traffic costs. It first introduces the key issues and design choices of representative real-world CDNs, and discusses the energy saving techniques for data centers and CDNs. Then, based on a measurement study on a large video streaming CDN, it reveals an inherent conflict between improving a video streaming CDN’s energy efficiency for energy saving, and maintaining the CDN’s ISP-friendly server selection policy. Further, it discusses a cost-aware capacity provisioning algorithm that not only allows the service capacity of a CDN’s server clusters in numerous ISPs to be dynamically planned, but also means that the overall operating cost, including both the energy consumptions and the cross-ISP traffics, can be further optimized. In addition it uses the workload derived from real-world measurement and also implements real values of the actual power and bandwidth prices to evaluate the capacity provisioning algorithm, showing that it can significantly reduce the overall operating cost of a video streaming CDN, and effectively avoid frequent server switches. Lastly, the book outlines a number of potential research directions regarding cost-aware content delivery. The measurement, analysis, and optimization methodologies and results presented in this book are of particular interest to researchers in the Internet and networking area.
This SpringerBrief introduces key techniques for 5G wireless networks. The authors cover the development of wireless networks that led to 5G, and how 5G mobile communication technology (5G) can no longer be defined by a single business model or a typical technical characteristic. The discussed networks functions and services include Network Foundation Virtualization (N-FV), Cloud Radio Access Networks (Cloud-RAN), and Mobile Cloud Networking (MCN). The benefits of cloud platforms are examined, as are definable networking and green wireless networking. Other related and representative projects on 5G are mobile and wireless communications enablers for the Twenty-Twenty Information Society, Multi-hop Cellular Networks, Network Function as-a-Service over Virtualized Infrastructures, iJOIN, and Nuage Virtualized Services Platform. Major applications of 5G range from RAN sharing and Multi-Operator Core Networks to mobile convergence. Enhancing the user experience by providing smart and customized services, 5G will support the explosive growth of big data, mobile internet, digital media, and system efficiency. This SpringerBrief is designed for professionals, researchers, and academics working in networks or system applications. Advanced-level students of computer science or computer engineering will also find the content valuable.
Reliable scheduling in cutting conditions is very important in machining processes, and this requires thorough understanding of the physical behaviors of the machining process, which cannot be achieved without understanding the underlying mechanism of the processes. The book describes the mechanics and dynamics together with the clamping principles in milling processes, and can be used as a guideline for graduate students and research engineers who wish to be effective manufacture engineers and researchers. Many books have focused on common principles, which are suitable for general machining processes, e.g., milling, turning and drilling, etc. This book specifically aims at exploring the mechanics and dynamics of milling processes. Original theoretical derivations and new observations on static cutting force models, dynamic stability models and clamping principles associated with milling processes are classified and detailed. The book is indented as a text for graduate students and machining engineers who wish to intensively learn milling mechanism and machine tool vibration.
In this volume, recent theoretical and experimental progress in QCD phenomenology, neutrino physics, B physics and CP violation is reviewed. Contents: Lectures: Hadronic Light-Front Wavefunctions and QCD Phenomenology (S J Brodsky); Lectures on the Theory of Non-Leptonic B Decays (M Neubert); Neutrino Physics (P Vogel); Invited Talks: Recent Results from Lattice QCD on CP-PACS (S Aoki); QCD on a Transverse Lattice (M Burkardt & S Seal); QCD at the Tevatron and LHC (J Huston); Rare B Physics Results from BELLE (C H Wang); Recent BCP Progress in Taiwan (H-n Li); QCD-Improved Factorization in Nonleptonic B Decays (J Chay); Rare Radiative B Decays in Perturbative QCD (D Pirjol); Neutrino Experiments: Highlights (H T-K Wong); Neutrinos and Cosmology (S Pakvasa); Embed Zee Neutrino Mass Model into SUSY (K Cheung); Electroweak Sudakov Corrections at 2 Loop Level (H Kawamura). Readership: Graduate students, researchers and academics in particle physics.
Multi-Wave Mixing Processes - From Ultrafast Polarization Beats to Electromagnetically Induced Transparency" discusses the interactions of efficient multi-wave mixing (MWM) processes enhanced by atomic coherence in multilevel atomic systems. It covers topics in five major areas: attosecond and femtosecond polarization beats of four-wave mixing (FWM) processes; heterodyne detection of FWM, six-wave mixing (SWM) and eight-wave mixing (EWM) processes; Raman and Rayleigh enhanced polarization beats; coexistence and interactions of MWM processes via electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT); multi-dressing MWM processes. The book is intended for researchers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Nonlinear Optics. Dr. Yanpeng Zhang is a professor at the Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University. Dr. Min Xiao is a professor of Physics at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, U.S.A.
Coherent Control of Four-Wave Mixing" discusses the frequency, temporal and spatial domain interplays of four-wave mixing (FWM) processes induced by atomic coherence in multi-level atomic systems. It covers topics in five major areas: the ultrafast FWM polarization beats due to interactions between multi-color laser beams and multi-level media; coexisting Raman-Rayleigh-Brillouin-enhanced polarization beats due to color-locking noisy field correlations; FWM processes with different kinds of dual-dressed schemes in ultra-thin, micrometer and long atomic cells; temporal and spatial interference between FWM and six-wave mixing (SWM) signals in multi-level electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) media; spatial displacements and splitting of the probe and generated FWM beams, as well as the observations of gap soliton trains, vortex solitons, and stable multicomponent vector solitons in the FWM signals. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in Nonlinear Optics. Dr. Yanpeng Zhang is a professor and Zhiqiang Nie is a Ph. D. student at the Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. Dr. Min Xiao is a professor of physics at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, U.S.A.
This book aims to provide readers with adequate knowledge for clinical application of Chinese medicine, which is in line with the fundamental principle of correspondence of Chinese medicinals and patterns. It contains a brief introduction to relative theories, divides these medicinals by actions into categories such as exterior-releasing, heat-clearing, purgative, dampness-dispelling, fluid retention-disinhibiting, interior-warming, qi-regulating, blood-invigorating, blood-stanching, food accumulation-relieving, phlegm, cough- and wheezing-arresting, mind-tranquilizing, liver-calming, orifices-opening, tonifying, astringing, and worm-dispelling, and elaborates each herb in terms of its actions, quality, indications, usage, and dosage. Furthermore, mnemonics and simple and effective formulas are included to help readers effectively grasp the concepts behind practical applications, and precautions and daily practices are specifically designed to support readers in easily understanding and retaining the information.
Explore the cutting-edge in self-healing polymers and composites In Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites, a pair of distinguished materials scientists delivers an insightful and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. The book discusses how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair, high temperature applications, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. The authors emphasize the integration of existing techniques with novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication. They provide a comprehensive view of this emerging field, allowing new researchers to gather a firm understanding of the framework for creating new materials or applications. Additionally, the book includes: A thorough introduction to the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites, including the advances made by various laboratories and the challenges, trends, and future directions that characterize modern research in the area Comprehensive explorations of the self-healing strategies proposed by the authors, including addition polymerization, systems-based microcapsules and plastic tubes, and more Practical discussions of the application of reversible S-S bonds in self-healing polymers In-depth examinations of intrinsic self-healing via reversible C-ON bonds Perfect for polymer and materials scientists, chemists, and engineers, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in the polymer, coatings, paints, medical, defense, and pharmaceutical industries.
A comprehensive resource to the development and recent progress of zwitterion-oriented cycloadditions promoted by organoamines, organophosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes Organocatalytic Cycloadditions for Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles offers a clear explanationto thedevelopment of and the information on the latest research pertaining to zwitterion-oriented cycloadditions promoted by organoamines, organophosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes. The authors—noted experts in the field—include a comprehensive review to the investigations of the reaction mechanisms and explore the synthesis of different products from the same starting materials. Filled with illustrative examples and designed to be accessible, the text shows how to control the chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity and explains the further design of novel cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by organoamines and organophosphines based on zwitterion-oriented synthetic strategy. This important text: Explains why the formation of carbo- and heterocycles is a key transformation in organic synthesis. Offers a clear description to the development of zwitterion-oriented cycloadditions promoted by organoamines, organophosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes, and explores the latest research Contains the most current examples involving synthetic transformations of organocatalytic cycloadducts Includes contributions from noted experts in the field of organic synthesis Written for organic chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, chemists in industry, graduates, and librarians, Organocatalytic Cycloadditions for Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocyclesis is the essential guide to the topic.
This book describes the mineralization process of barite-fluorite deposits in southeastern Sichuan, Yangtze Block, China. Mainly through systematic field geological surveys and detailed indoor research work, the typical barite-fluorite deposits in this area were analyzed using a variety of analysis methods such as single fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS composition analysis, trace rare earth element analysis, H-O-S-Sr isotope analysis, F element content analysis, and Sm-Nd geochronological analysis. By in-depth analysis of the ore-forming environment, mineralization process and geological characteristics of barite-fluorite deposits, the following were determined: (1) the source of ore-forming fluids of barite-fluorite deposits and (2) the migration, concentration, enrichment, and evolution of ore-forming sources, exploring the formation mechanism of barite-fluorite deposits. Summarizing the mineralization regularity of the deposit in this area of China provides a new insight and basis for the study of similar types of deposits in the world.
A state-of-art guide on the interdisciplinary aspects of design, chemistry, and physical properties of bio-inspired self-healing polymers Inspired by the natural self-healing properties that exist in living organisms—for example, the regenerative ability of humans to heal from cuts and broken bones—interest in self-healing materials is gaining more and more attention. Addressing the broad advances being made in this emerging science, Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites incorporates fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites to describe how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair below room temperature, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. Some of the information readers will discover in this book include: Focus on engineering aspects and theoretical backgrounds of smart materials The systematic route for developing techniques and materials to advance the research and applications of self-healing polymers Integration of existing techniques and introduction of novel synthetic approaches and target-oriented materials design and fabrication Techniques for characterizing the healing process of polymers and applications of self-healing polymers and polymer composites Practical aspects of self-healing technology in various industrial fields, such as electronics, automotive, construction, chemical production, and engineering With this book, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field, while new researchers will understand the framework necessary for innovating new self-healing solutions.
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