This pathbreaking book examines the strategies, successes, and challenges of youth advocacy organizations, highlighting the importance of local contexts for these efforts. Working between social movements and the political establishment, these organizations occupy a special niche in American politics and civil society. They use their position to change local agendas for youth and public perceptions of youth, and work to strengthen local community support systems. Between Movement and Establishment describes how youth advocacy organizations affect change in a fragmented urban policy environment. It considers the different constituencies that organizations target, including public officials and policies, specific service sectors, and community members, and looks at the multiple tactics advocates employ to advance their reform agendas, such as political campaigns, accountability measures, building civic capacity, research, and policy formation. This work further examines the importance of historical, organizational, and political contexts in explaining the strategies, actions, and consequences of advocacy organizations' efforts at the local level, bringing to light what is effective and why.
Building on extensive evidence that school-based teacher learning communities improve student outcomes, this book lays out an agenda to develop and sustain collaborative professional cultures. McLaughlin and Talbert—foremost scholars of school change and teaching contexts—provide an inside look at the processes, resources, and system strategies that are necessary to build vibrant school-based teacher learning communities. Offering a compelling, straightforward blueprint for action, this book: Takes a comprehensive look at the problem of improving the quality of teaching across the United States, based on evidence and examples from the authors’ nearly two decades of research.Demonstrates how and why school-based teacher learning communities are bottom-line requirements for improved instruction. Outlines the resources and supports needed to build and sustain a long-term school-based teacher professional community. Discusses the nature of high-quality professional development to support learning and changes in teaching.Details the roles and responsibilities of policymakers at all levels of the school system. “This book offers vivid examples of how teacher learning communities are formed and sustained. A must-read for educators at all levels who are serious about enacting change.” —Amy M. Hightower, Assistant Director, American Federation of Teachers
American high schools have never been under more pressure to reform: student populations are more diverse than ever, resources are limited, and teachers are expected to teach to high standards for all students. While many reformers look for change at the state or district level, the authors here argue that the most local contexts—schools, departments, and communities—matter the most to how well teachers perform in the classroom and how satisfied they are professionally. Their findings—based on one of the most extensive research projects ever done on secondary teaching—show that departmental cultures play a crucial role in classroom settings and expectations. In the same school, for example, social studies teachers described their students as "apathetic and unwilling to work," while English teachers described the same students as "bright, interesting, and energetic." With wide-ranging implications for educational practice and policy, this unprecedented look into teacher communities is essential reading for educators, administrators, and all those concerned with U. S. High Schools.
What do effective youth organizations offer inner-city youngsters that schools do not? This book suggests that educators can learn much from inner-city social and youth organizations, which reach at-risk youngsters by developing a sense of family that many of them fail to get at home. Addressing a variety of issues—collaboration across organizations, the role of gangs in social control, the historical roles of ethnicity and gender in youth organizations—Heath and McLaughlin describe frames for identity that extend beyond ethnicity and gender.
Building on extensive evidence that school-based teacher learning communities improve student outcomes, this book lays out an agenda to develop and sustain collaborative professional cultures. McLaughlin and Talbert—foremost scholars of school change and teaching contexts—provide an inside look at the processes, resources, and system strategies that are necessary to build vibrant school-based teacher learning communities. Offering a compelling, straightforward blueprint for action, this book: Takes a comprehensive look at the problem of improving the quality of teaching across the United States, based on evidence and examples from the authors’ nearly two decades of research.Demonstrates how and why school-based teacher learning communities are bottom-line requirements for improved instruction. Outlines the resources and supports needed to build and sustain a long-term school-based teacher professional community. Discusses the nature of high-quality professional development to support learning and changes in teaching.Details the roles and responsibilities of policymakers at all levels of the school system. “This book offers vivid examples of how teacher learning communities are formed and sustained. A must-read for educators at all levels who are serious about enacting change.” —Amy M. Hightower, Assistant Director, American Federation of Teachers
You Can't Be What You Can't See presents a rare longitudinal account of the benefits of a high-quality, out-of-school program on the life trajectories of hundreds of poor, African American youth who grew up in Chicago's notorious Cabrini-Green housing project in the 1980s and early '90s. The book documents what happened to more than 700 youth two decades after they attended the Community Youth Creative Learning Experience (CYCLE), a comprehensive after-school program offering tutoring, enrichment, scholarships, summer camps, and more. Milbrey W. McLaughlin offers critical lessons for policy makers, educators, community activists, funders, and others interested in learning what makes a youth organization effective for low-income, marginalized children. "This engaging volume provides an inside-out account of an effective youth development program, delineating and describing the key ingredients that led to success: exposure, mentoring, and true community. McLaughlin offers her seasoned and insightful analysis while allowing readers to hear the authentic voices of the program's staff, volunteers, participants, and donors--a true epiphany." --Jane Quinn, vice president for community schools and director, National Center for Community Schools, Children's Aid, New York City "Based on a thirty-year follow-up of an exemplary program serving youth living in poverty, McLaughlin reveals how program practices led to eye-opening outcomes in education and employment. The book provides a compelling argument for the value of positive youth development programs targeted at adolescents." --Barton J. Hirsch, professor of human development and social policy, Northwestern University "What does is it take to change the odds? You Can't Be What You Can't See shows us the dramatic difference a high-quality youth organization can make. As a movement is taking hold across the country to promote the quality of environments for learning and engagement, the life stories of CYCLE's alums illuminate and inspire." --Merita Irby, cofounder, The Forum for Youth Investment Milbrey W. McLaughlin is the David Jacks Professor Emeritus of Education and Public Policy at Stanford University, and the founding director of the John W. Gardner Center for Youth and Their Communities.
Focusing specifically on the two largest federal education programs, Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142), this study analyzes how states implement federal and state education programs. The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 offers background on federal-state relations and explains the research methods used, the grants-in-aid system, and the conceptual framework guiding the study. Chapter 2 describes the four states in the sample and identifies those political and organizational characteristics that shape policy implementation. Chapter 3 presents a comparative analysis of the data and discusses the conditions under which state political factors are most likely to enhance the state education agency's role and capacity. Chapters 4 and 5 examine Title I, PL 94-142, and state programs serving similar student groups. The final chapter addresses policy questions, especially those related to state capacity and its implications for changing federal and state roles in public education. (Author/WD)
This volume examines how organizations advocating on behalf of youth maneuver between grassroots social movements pressing for reform and the established systems of power and authority to improve conditions for youth in urban communities.
American high schools have never been under more pressure to reform: student populations are more diverse than ever, resources are limited, and teachers are expected to teach to high standards for all students. While many reformers look for change at the state or district level, the authors here argue that the most local contexts—schools, departments, and communities—matter the most to how well teachers perform in the classroom and how satisfied they are professionally. Their findings—based on one of the most extensive research projects ever done on secondary teaching—show that departmental cultures play a crucial role in classroom settings and expectations. In the same school, for example, social studies teachers described their students as "apathetic and unwilling to work," while English teachers described the same students as "bright, interesting, and energetic." With wide-ranging implications for educational practice and policy, this unprecedented look into teacher communities is essential reading for educators, administrators, and all those concerned with U. S. High Schools.
The contributors and editors draw on insights of both practitioner researchers and academics. Individual chapters examine the challenges and nature of professional development by exploring specific contexts, such as those involving school/university partnerships, secondary/higher education collaborations, and inner-city settings. Contributors include Edwin Bridges, Marilyn Cochran-Smith, Myrna D. Cohen, Linda Darling-Hammond, Pamela Grossman, Philip Hallinger, Charles Taylor Kerchner, Ann Lieberman, Susan L. Lytle, Lynne Miller, and Margaret Szabo.
This report presents an analysis of the relationship between educational policymaking and educational practice in schools and classrooms. It is designed to contribute to the debate on reform by drawing lessons from recent attempts to reform schools with policy. The authors' central message is that the connection between policymakers and practitioners should be strengthened. Changes in education are composites of practice, structure, and rules. Federal experience indicates that educational reform must be grounded in an understanding of how teachers learn to teach, how school organization affects practice, and how these factors affect children's performance. The authors suggest that, to be effective, current reforms must (1) close the gap between policy and practice, in part by charging practitioners with developing solutions; (2) accommodate variability, through policies that lead to better understanding of effective practice; (3) recognize that rules only set standards of fairness and don't prescribe solutions to practical problems; and (4) create organizations that foster reforms.
This issue presents new thinking about the ways in which youth and parents are engaged in local reform, particular education reform, with the help of community organizations. Community groups examined in this volume advocate for and with youth in a variety of ways: through youth organizing, parent organizing, more traditional youth advocacy, and funding support. These organizations are critical in promoting youth's healthy development. They lobby to change policy and service delivery, connect diverse institutions that serve youth, push for more resources for youth, educate local officials about youth's needs, and empower parents and youth to become advocates in their own right. There is a ripple effect in these local efforts; not only do policies and political contexts change, but individual and communities themselves begin to change too. And although there are significant barriers to changing entrenched ideas about youth and their needs, the efforts discussed in these articles are having tangible results in many urban areas. This is the 117th volume of the Jossey-Bass quarterly report psychology series New Directions for Youth Development. New Directions for Youth Development is dedicated to bringing together everyone concerned with helping young people, including scholars, practitioners, and people from different disciplines and professions. The result is a unique resource presenting thoughtful, multi-faceted approaches to helping our youth develop into responsible, stable, well-rounded citizens.
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