Existing scholarship has not systematically examined BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) as a rising power de-dollarization coalition, despite the group developing multiple de-dollarization initiatives to reduce currency risk and bypass US sanctions. To fill this gap, this study develops a 'Pathways to De-dollarization' framework and applies it to analyze the institutional and market mechanisms that BRICS countries have created at the BRICS, sub-BRICS, and BRICS Plus levels. This framework identifies the leaders and followers of the BRICS de-dollarization coalition, assesses its robustness, and discerns how BRICS mobilizes other stakeholders. The authors employ process tracing, content analysis, semi-structured interviews, archival research, and statistical analysis of quantitative market data to analyze BRICS activities during 2009-2021. They find that BRICS' coalitional de-dollarization initiatives have established critical infrastructure for a prospective alternative nondollar global financial system. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Existing scholarship has not systematically examined BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) as a rising power de-dollarization coalition, despite the group developing multiple de-dollarization initiatives to reduce currency risk and bypass US sanctions. To fill this gap, this study develops a 'Pathways to De-dollarization' framework and applies it to analyze the institutional and market mechanisms that BRICS countries have created at the BRICS, sub-BRICS, and BRICS Plus levels. This framework identifies the leaders and followers of the BRICS de-dollarization coalition, assesses its robustness, and discerns how BRICS mobilizes other stakeholders. The authors employ process tracing, content analysis, semi-structured interviews, archival research, and statistical analysis of quantitative market data to analyze BRICS activities during 2009-2021. They find that BRICS' coalitional de-dollarization initiatives have established critical infrastructure for a prospective alternative nondollar global financial system. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
When in the autumn of 1989, Aurea Cioban, a student at the University in Bucharest, meets Maurice Calistrat, a young lieutenant stationed on a military base in the Romanian capital, a spark ignites an instant mutual attraction that soon develops into a hot-tempered love affair. A combination of jealousy, fatalistic view points and personal ambitions of career advancement are some of the things that begin to take their toll on the young couple's budding relationship. Recruited by the "Securitate", the secret police force, Calistrat sinks into a world of betrayal from which the only redeeming thought he has is to keep Aurea safe at any cost. His obsessive protection quickly becomes the very tool used to betray the people close to them and their own relationship. Through Aurea and Maurice's inability to go beyond their emotional restrains, "Shepherd" moves into a world where one's actions are dominated by an intrinsic need to follow superstitions and deeply set beliefs stemming from a country's rich history of mysticism and folklore.
When most of the Central and East European countries are celebrating their centennial as modern states and, some of them, thirty years since the fall of the communist regime, security challenges in the region reveal two overlapping layers: the scars from old political conflicts amongst the Great Powers and present evolutions triggered by the ICT, migration, Europeanization or global governance. The present volume offers a glimpse into the various security dilemmas Central, Eastern and East-neighbouring states have faced over the last century. Alors que la plupart des États de l'Europe Centrale et de l'Est sont en train de fêter cent ans d'existence moderne et une trentaine depuis l'écroulement du communisme, la nature des défis sécuritaires régionaux révèle l'existence de strates partiellement superposées : cicatrices des anciens conflits politiques entre les grandes puissances et usage des TICE, migration, européanisation ou gouvernance globale. Cet ouvrage revient sur les dilemmes ayant marqué les États de l'Europe centrale et orientale au cours du siècle passé.
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