Carbon materials form pores ranging in size and morphology, from micropores of less than 1nm, to macropores of more than 50nm, and from channel-like spaces with homogenous diameters in carbon nanotubes, to round spaces in various fullerene cages, including irregularly-shaped pores in polycrystalline carbon materials. The large quantity and rapid rate of absorption of various molecules made possible by these attributes of carbon materials are now used in the storage of foreign atoms and ions for energy storage, conversion and adsorption, and for environmental remediation. Porous Carbons: Syntheses and Applications focuses on the fabrication and application of porous carbons. It considers fabrication at three scales: micropores, mesopores, and macropores. Carbon foams, sponges, and 3D-structured carbons are detailed. The title presents applications in four key areas: energy storage, energy conversion, energy adsorption, including batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells and environmental remediation, emphasizing the importance of pore structures at the three scales, and the diffusion and storage of various ions and molecules. The book presents a short history of each technique and material, and assesses advantages and disadvantages. This focused book provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding of both pioneering and current synthesis techniques for porous carbons, and their modern applications. Presents modern porous carbon synthesis techniques and modern applications of porous carbons Presents current research on porous carbons in energy storage, conversion and adsorption, and in environmental remediation Provides a history and assessment of both pioneering and current cutting-edge synthesis techniques and materials Covers a significant range of precursor materials, preparation techniques, and characteristics Considers the future development of porous carbons and their various potential applications
In recent years the Japanese have funded a comprehensive study of carbon materials which incorporate other elements including boron, nitrogen and fluorine, hence the title of the project "Carbon Alloys". Coined in 1992, the phrase "Carbon Alloys" can be applied to those materials mainly composed of carbon materials in multi-component systems. The carbon atoms of each component have a physical and/or chemical interactive relationship with other atoms or compounds. The carbon atoms of the components may have different hybrid bonding orbitals to create quite different carbon components. Eiichi Yasuda and his team consider the definition of Carbon Alloys, present the results of the Carbon Alloys projects, describe typical Carbon Alloys and their uses, discuss recent techniques for their characterization, and finally, illustrate potential applications and future developments for Carbon Alloy science. The book contains over thirty chapters on these studies from as many researchers. The most modern of techniques, particularly in the area of spectroscopy, were used as diagnostic tools, and many of these are applicable to pure carbons also. Porosity in carbons received considerable attention.
The 1980s saw a whole wave of practical applications of fuzzy theory, mainly in the field of process control, with Japan as pioneer. In the '90s there has been a flood of applications to household electrical appliances, and?fuzzy? has become a high-tech buzz-word in Japan. Since then many countries have followed suit and developed their own fuzzy applications.This book reviews the burgeoning industrial applications of fuzzy theory. The contributors are mostly industrial engineers or research experts in the field. The areas covered include automobiles, home appliances, voice recognition, medical techniques, fuzzy design, process control, space operations and mobile autonomous robots.Very recently the development of fuzzy theory has become intertwined with fields such as neural networks and chaos. This volume also summarizes such trends in an industrial context.The book will be of use to senior undergraduates or graduate students, industrial research scientists, and anyone interested in the wide-ranging applicational aspects of fuzzy theory today.
Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Fundamentals provides a comprehensive introduction to carbon, the fourth most abundant element in the universe. The contents are organized into two main parts. Following a brief introduction on the history of carbon materials, Part 1 focuses on the fundamental science on the preparation and characterization of various carbon materials, and Part 2 concentrates on their engineering and applications, including hot areas like energy storage and environmental remediation. The book also includes up-to-date advanced information on such newer carbon-based materials as carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, fullerenes and graphenes. Through review on fundamental science, engineering and applications of carbon materials Overview on a wide variety of carbon materials (diamond, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) based on structure and nanotexture Description on the preparation and applications of various carbon materials, in the relation to their basic structure and properties
This exciting book describes the latest technology in non-invasive thermometry that measures temperature distribution, with discussions focusing on image-based techniques. This is the first book devoted entirely to this topic. An international team of experts detail all important techniques for possible non-invasive thermometry. Descriptions of each technique explain in depth the principles of measurement, the measurement system, obtained temperature image, and the future prospects for the method.
Graphene: Preparation, Properties, Applications and Prospects provides a comprehensive introduction on the science and engineering of graphene. The book is composed of 9 chapters, including a discussion on what graphene is, detailed descriptions of preparation procedures, applications based on respective properties, including electrical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and biomedical, and reviews on materials derived from graphene (graphene derivatives) and other layered materials. Provides differentiation on two kinds of graphene, graphene with highly-crystalline layers and reduced graphene oxide with highly-defective layers Thorough reviews a wide variety of preparation procedures of two kinds of graphene, including the formation of graphene foams, films and horns, and the doping of foreign atoms Contains a comprehensive review of electrical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and biomedical properties and applications based on these properties
Takeyama's writings educate readers about how the war affected ordinary Japanese and convey his thoughts about Japan's ally Germany, the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, and the immediate postwar years."--BOOK JACKET.
This volume will be the first reference book devoted specially to the Yang-Baxter equation. The subject relates to broad areas including solvable models in statistical mechanics, factorized S matrices, quantum inverse scattering method, quantum groups, knot theory and conformal field theory. The articles assembled here cover major works from the pioneering papers to classical Yang-Baxter equation, its quantization, variety of solutions, constructions and recent generalizations to higher genus solutions.
Carbon materials are exceptionally diverse in their preparation, structure, texture, and applications. In Advanced Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon, noted carbon scientist Michio Inagaki and his coauthors cover the most recent advances in carbon materials, including new techniques and processes, carbon materials synthesis, and up-to-date descriptions of current carbon-based materials, trends and applications. Beginning with the synthesis and preparation of nanocarbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes, the book then reviews recently developed carbonization techniques, such as templating, electrospinning, foaming, stress graphitization, and the formation of glass-like carbon. The last third of the book is devoted to applications, featuring coverage of carbon materials for energy storage, electrochemical capacitors, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, and adsorptive storage of hydrogen and methane for environmental protection, photocatalysis, spilled oil recovery, and nuclear applications of isotropic high-density graphite. A progression from synthesis through modern carbonization techniques to applications gives you a thorough understanding of carbon materials Covers a wide range of precursor materials, preparation techniques, and characteristics to inspire your own development of carbonization techniques, carbon materials and applications Applications-oriented chapters include timely content on hot topics such as the engineering of carbon nanofibers and carbon materials for various energy-related applications
In the last decade, time-series econometrics has made extraordinary developments on unit roots and cointegration. However, this progress has taken divergent directions, and has been subjected to criticism from outside the field. In this book, Professor Hatanaka surveys the field, examinesthose portions that are useful for macroeconomics, and responds to the criticism. His survey of the literature covers not only econometric methods, but also the application of these methods to macroeconomic studies.The most vigorous criticism has been that unit roots to do not exist in macroeconomic variables, and thus that cointegration analysis is irrelevant to macroeconomics. The judgement of this book is that unit roots are present in macroeconomic variables when we consider periods of 20 to 40 years, butthat the critics may be right when periods of 100 years are considered. Fortunately, most of the time series data used for macroeconomic studies cover fall within the shorter time span.Among the numerous methods for unit roots and cointegration, those useful from macroeconomic studies are examined and explained in detail, without overburdening the reader with unnecessary mathematics. Other, less applicable methods are dicussed briefly, and their weaknesses are exposed. Hatanakahas rigourously based his judgements about usefulness on whether the inference is appropriate for the length of the data sets available, and also on whether a proper inference can be made on the sort of propositions that macroeconomists wish to test.This book highlights the relations between cointegration and economic theories, and presents cointegrated regression as a revolution in econometric methods. Its analysis is of relevance to academic and professional or applied econometricians. Step-by-step explanations of concepts and techniquesmake the book a self-contained text for graduate students.
Turbulence in Open Channel and River Flows covers turbulence and related fluid mechanics in open-channel flows, addressing both basic mechanisms and their applications. It helps readers understand the organized motion involved in turbulent flow and apply this understanding to the practice of hydraulic engineering, including mass and sediment transport. Chapters cover mathematical expansion procedures and basic fluid mechanics to help readers understand essentially physical phenomena, and present special techniques for measurement and accurate direct observation of open-channel turbulence in laboratory flumes or natural rivers. Topics related to environmental management and turbulence-related disasters are addressed. Includes detailed mathematical expansions and supporting supplements in an appendix Presents the mathematics and fluid mechanics needed to understand turbulence in open channels Includes experimental topics from the author’s research, encouraging readers to measure and accurately observe turbulence in laboratories and rivers The book is ideal for graduate students, researchers and engineers in hydraulics and hydromechanics.
This book, by a distinguished Japanese economist now resident in the West, offers a new interpretation of the current success of the Japanese economy. By placing the rise of Japan in the context of its historical development, Michio Morishima shows how a strongly-held national ethos has interacted with religious, social and technological ideas imported from elsewhere to produce highly distinctive cultural traits. While Professor Morishima traces the roots of modern Japan back as far as the introduction of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism from China in the sixth century, he concentrates his observations on the last 120 years during which Japan has had extensive contacts with the West. He describes the swift rise of Japan to the status of a first-rate power following the Meiji Revolution after 1867, in which Japan broke with a long history of isolationism, and which paved the way for the adoption of Western technology and the creation of a modern Western-style nation state; and a similarly meteoric rise from the devastation of the Second World War to Japan's present position. A range of factors in Japan's economic success are analysed: her characteristic dualistic social structure - corresponding to the divide between large and medium/small enterprises - the relations of government and big business, the poor reception of liberalism and individualism, and the strength of the Japanese nationalism. Throughout, Professor Morishima emphasises the importance of the role played in the creation of Japanese capitalism by ethical doctrines as transformed under Japanese conditions, especially the Japanese Confucian tradition of complete loyalty to the firm and to the state. This account, which makes clear the extent to which the economic rise of Japan is due to factors unique to its historical traditions, will be of interest to a wide general readership as well as to students of Japan and its history.
Fukushima Accident: 10 Years After evaluates the post-Fukushima accident situation with up-to-date information, emphasizing radionuclide impacts on the terrestrial and marine environments, and comparing them to the pre-Fukushima accident levels of radionuclides in the environment. This is based on scientific results, as well as knowledge gathered from literature to provide current information on the present status, summarize 10 years of data on the Fukushima accident, and describe the present situation in the local, regional, and global time and space scales. It provides data on radioactivity released into the atmosphere and the ocean, the distribution of radionuclides in the world atmosphere and oceans, and their impact on the total environment, including assessments of radiation doses in Japanese and world populations from consumption of terrestrial food and seafood. It goes on to describe future aspects of the radioactive contamination of these environments and the health implications. This book informs environmental scientists, academics, and researchers in environmental science and nuclear energy as well as postgraduate students in the field of environmental science, radioactivity, and nuclear energy, on the present situation of radioactive contamination of Japan and in the world. Covers the Fukushima radioactivity impact on humans and the environment from the accident to the present Provides full information on radiation doses to Japanese citizens and biota, as well as to the world population, 10 years after the Fukushima accident Details transport of radionuclides in terrestrial and ocean environments, describing how to apply this information to ocean global circulation models and quantify radionuclide contamination of coastal regions Assesses future trends in radioactive contamination of the Fukushima site
The notion of solitons arose with the study of partial differential equations at the end of the 19th century. In more recent times their study has involved ideas from other areas of mathematics such as algebraic gometry, topology, and in particular infinite dimensional Lie algebras, and it this approach that is the main theme of this book.This book will be of great interest to all whose research interests involves the mathematics of solitons.
The first book to be published on the subject of fructans, Science and Technology of Fructans provides a thorough treatment of this carbohydrate from recent research in a broad range of disciplines to applications in crop, animal and food science. This volume includes a detailed glossary and offers a terminology system that can be used by all fructan scientists. It also reviews modern analytical methods and Japanese and European technologies for commercial production and use of fructans. Topics covered by contributors to Science and Technology of Fructans include chemical structure and characteristics, metabolism in microorganisms and plants, fructans in crop production and preservation and in human and animal diets, and production and utilization of microbial fructans and inulin. A chapter by J.S.D. Bacon and J. Edelman, who established the modern biochemistry of fructans in the mid-20th century, includes personal reminiscences of the early years of fructan research. Since this volume crosses all disciplinary boundaries of fructan research, Science and Technology of Fructans is indispensable to biochemists; carbohydrate chemists; analytical chemists; and crop, horticultural, animal, and food scientists. It will also be useful reading for nutritionists, agricultural extension workers, and members of the food industry.
Written by an expert in the field, this book is perfect for those who would like to know what happened at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Part 1 of the book studies how core melts occurred in Fukushima Daiichi units 1, 2, and 3, respectively, based on evidence from the Three-Mile Island core melt accident and fuel behavior experiments performed in the 1970s under the cooperation between the United States, Germany, and Japan. This information explains the accident processes without contradicting data from Fukushima, which was published in the TEPCO report. The hydrogen explosions in units 1, 3, and 4 are also explained logically in conjunction with the above core melt process. Part 2 clarifies how the background radiation level of the site doubled: The first rise was just a leak from small openings in units 1 and 3 associated with fire-pump connection work. The second rise led to direct radioactive material release from unit 2. Evacuation dose adequacy and its timing are discussed with reference to the accident process, and the necessity for embankments surrounding nuclear power plants to increase protection against natural disasters is also discussed. New proposals for safety design and emergency preparedness are suggested based on lessons learned from the accident as well as from new experiences. Finally, a concept for decommissioning the Fukushima site and a recovery plan are introduced.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly being recognized as the basis of a wide variety of human diseases. Providing an authoritative update on our current knowledge of mitochondrial medicine, this text draws together world authorities from various fields to present general therapeutic strategies, as well as the treatments presently available in different specialties - thus making it essential reading for clinicians involved with the management of patients with mitochondrial diseases. A unique work, this text covers a range of specialties, including cardiology, ophthalmology, otology, nephrology, gastroenterology, hematology-oncology, and reproductive medicine, and does not focus exclusively on the more commonly known neurologic conditions. An accessible, user-friendly text, it also presents translational concepts of mitochondrial biogenesis and genetics in vignettes related to specific questions raised by the disease under discussion, rather than concentrating on basic science, which can often intimidate clinicians. This pioneering work is primarily directed to a clinical audience who are interested in the diverse and diagnostically challenging clinical presentations of mitochondrial diseases and their pathophysiology.
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