While the past decade has seen a surge of research regarding canine cognition, this newfound interest has not caught the attention of many philosophers. Studies pertaining to dog minds have been pouring out of canine cognition labs all over the world, but they remain relatively ensconced within the scientific, sociological, and anthropological communities, and very little philosophical thought on dog cognition exists. Philosophers certainly have not shied away from theorizing about the nature of nonhuman animal cognition generally. Theories range from Cartesian disavowal of all nonhuman intelligence to arguments that even fish have complex minds and therefore humans should not eat them. Serious philosophical considerations about dogs and their relationship to humans, however, remain incredibly rare. Even less common, if not entirely nonexistent, is a critical examination of the question “What are dogs thinking?” and what asking and attempting to answer this question reveals, not so much about dogs, but about us. With Minding Dogs Michele Merritt attempts to fill two significant gaps in the philosophy of animal cognition. First, she adds to the growing discussion on canine cognition, which has been overlooked until recently and requires more consideration. Second, she takes seriously our dynamic collaborations with our canine friends as crucial to understanding both their minds and our own.
A BRILLIANT PROFESSOR A devoted wife and mother and a Harvard-educated scientist working as a biology professor at the University of Alabama–Huntsville, Amy Bishop seemed to have it all. But when she was denied tenure, her whole world came crashing down...and she reacted in a way no one ever could have imagined. A WIFE AND MOTHER On February 13, 2010, Amy was charged with murder for opening fire in a staff meeting the day before, killing three colleagues and injuring others. How could one woman's fury unleash such destruction? While the campus massacre made national headlines, authorities began a thorough investigation and uncovered another chilling episode in Amy's past. A TRAGIC ACCIDENT OR VICIOUS MURDER? When she was twenty-one, Amy fatally shot her teenage brother, Seth. His death was ruled an accident—and no charges were pressed. But for many involved in the case, Amy's story didn't add up, and law-enforcement officials suspected it was murder...After the Huntsville rampage, the cold case was reopened and Amy would find herself charged with killing her own brother—murder in the first degree. If Amy had been found guilty twenty-four years earlier, three lives might have been saved. With 8 pages of dramatic photos
This book provides practical information on the use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy for the analysis of materials found in cultural objects. Designed for scientists and students in the fields of archaeology, art conservation, microscopy, forensics, chemistry, and optics, the book discusses techniques for examining the microscopic amounts of complex, aged components in objects such as paintings, sculptures, and archaeological fragments. Chapters include the history of infrared spectroscopy, the basic parameters of infrared absorption theory, IR instrumentation, analysis methods, sample collection and preparation, and spectra interpretation. The authors cite several case studies, such as examinations of Chumash Indian paints and the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Institute’s Tools for Conservation series provides practical scientific procedures and methodologies for the practice of conservation. The series is specifically directed to conservation scientists, conservators, and technical experts in related fields.
The book is an academic/career guide. It argues for the importance of the humanities for job skills and for participation in civic life and politics. The book will help students speak persuasively about the usefulness of their humanities degrees"--
Women and Politics: Paths to Power and Political Influence examines the role of women in politics from the early women's movements to the female politicians in power today. The revised fourth edition includes: a new preface analyzing the 2020 elections, focusing on the historic victory of Kamala Harris and the gendered and racist critiques she endured on the campaign trail. recognition of the centennial of women's suffrage, with greater attention to Black and Indigenous women's often overlooked contributions to the fight for suffrage and expanded rights election results from the historic 2020 elections when more women filed congressional candidacies than ever before and women’s numbers in both Congress and state legislatures reached record highs. analysis of the gender gap in voting in 2020, focusing on both race and gender. updates reflecting President Biden's historic cabinet picks, including Deb Haaland as the first Native American to lead the Department of the Interior and Janet Yellen as the first woman to lead the Treasury Department. coverage of the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the nomination and confirmation of her replacement, Amy Coney Barrett.
Contributions to female economic thought have come from prolific scholars, leading social reformers, economic journalists and government officials along with many other women who contributed only one or two works to the field. It is perhaps for this reason that a comprehensive bibliographic collection has failed to appear, until now. This innovative book brings together the most comprehensive collection to date of references to women’s economic writing from the 1770s to 1940. It includes thousands of contributions from more than 1,700 women from the UK, the US and many other countries. This bibliography is an important reference work for systematic inquiry into questions of gender and the history of economic thought. This volume is a valuable resource and will interest researchers on women's contributions to economic thought, the sociology of economics, and the lives of female social scientists and activist-authors. With a comprehensive editorial introduction, it fills a long-standing gap and will be greeted warmly by scholars of the history of economic thought and those involved in feminist economics.
Most of the first pioneers came from New York by steamship across Lake Erie, disembarking in Detroit in the 1820s. From Detroit, it would take three days of treacherous travel through dense forests, thick brush, and swampy countryside to reach their destination--a hilly region in the northwest corner of Plymouth Township that would come to be called Northville. In the nearly 200 years since the first pioneers cleared the land and established their homesteads, Northville has distinguished itself as one of southeast Michigan's most desirable communities. Its rich historical heritage and small-town charm are evident in the stately Victorian architecture of the city's vibrant downtown and tree-lined neighborhoods. Surrounded by the rolling hills of adjoining Northville Township, the community has been shaped by generations of stakeholders committed to creating and maintaining Northville's picturesque and prosperous identity. Throughout its storied history, Northville has been home to the world's largest manufacturer of school furniture, the site of aviation pioneer Eddie Stinson's aircraft company, and the location for one of automotive legend Henry Ford's first village industries, the Northville Valve Plant.
Many extraordinary women traveled west with their Army officer husbands between 1865 and 1890 and discovered a world that was completely controlled by the United States Army. The Army as a public institution colored virtually every aspect of their domestic lives. Army directives, customs, and traditions imposed social obligations on these women, and the world of the frontier Army garrison continually challenged their sense of what it meant to be true women. Remarkably, they flourished and established a defined role for themselves that went beyond the conventional definition of true womanhood. The shared values, loyalties, and patriotism within the institutional environment of the frontier garrison transcended gender. As distinctly masculine as the Army garrison was perceived to be, the officers' wives shared with their comrades in arms an unequivocal commitment to the Regiment. Because of their presence, the frontier garrison became a much different place to live, as they subtly and slowly changed the very nature of the institution through their efforts to bring some notion of proper society to these rugged circumstances. Unlike most studies, which focus only on farm and frontier women, this volume details the experiences of the women who viewed the world from within garrison walls.
Examines how newspapers have changed over the past few years, becoming story papers. Comparing 850 stories, story approaches, and unofficial sourcing in twenty American newspapers from 2001 and 2004, Weldon reveals a shift toward features over hard news, along with an increase in anecdotal or humanistic approaches to all stories"--Provided by publisher.
The star of the hit show Glee shares her experiences and insider tips on beauty, fashion, inner strength, and more in an illustrated in an illustrated book that’s part memoir, part how-to, and part style guide. Lea Michele is one of the hardest working performers in show business. Whether she’s starring as Rachel Berry on Glee, rocking a glamorous look on the red carpet, recording her solo album, or acting as the spokesperson for L’Oreal, Lea is the ultimate multi-tasker. She knows better than anyone that it is difficult to be your best self and keep things in perspective when your to-do list is overflowing and you are faced with challenges, so she’s developed a foolproof system for remaining healthy and centered. In Brunette Ambition, she reveals the lessons and advice that have worked for her--from beauty and fashion secrets to fitness tips, and career insights. Supplemented with never-before-seen photos and revealing anecdotes, it’s the book Lea wishes she’d had in her teens and early twenties: A practical and inspirational guide to harnessing tenacity and passion and living the fullest life, no matter what obstacles life puts in your way.
Powerful women aren't just men walking around in dresses! As women continue to assume positions of social leadership in increasing numbers, the dynamics of the social construction of power need to be examined. Have women adopted traditionally male patterns of behavior in an effort to gain and maintain power in business, industry, politics, academics, etc.? And if not, what kind of power are women practicing? The authors of Women, Power, and Ethnicity: Working Toward Reciprocal Empowerment endeavored to find out by conducting a research study on how women from various racial and ethnic backgrounds compare and contrast the attributes associated with existing power paradigms (traditional, empowerment, personal authority) with an alternate model of power--reciprocal empowerment. Reciprocal empowerment is a discursive and behavioral style of interaction grounded in reciprocity initiated by people who feel a sense of personal authority. Reciprocal empowerment enables people with mutual self-interests to rise above obstacles based on social and political structures and to use personal authority to discuss and act on issues openly and honestly in order to effect change. Using a qualitative methodology, Women, Power, and Ethnicity includes the results of surveys and interviews with women from seven different ethnic groups in the United States to determine if the concept or reciprocal empowerment resonates with them. The answer: Yes! Women, Power, and Ethnicity is organized by surveys and interview findings on women from seven cultural groups living in the United States (African, Asian, Caribbean, European, Latin, Middle Eastern, Native American). Each chapter includes: analyses of ethnographic findings, surveys, and interviews concise historical information effects of immigration, where applicable tables and diagrams direct quotes and much more! Women, Power, and Ethnicity examines women's attitudes toward power in several social forums--home, job, religion, politics, and society in general. The book is an essential resource for teachers and students of communication studies, women studies, gender studies, ethnic studies, and social sciences.
In this book author Michele P. Bratina demonstrates how the Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) supports integration of the U.S. healthcare and justice systems to offer more positive outcomes for offenders with mental illness. The book describes a criminal justice–mental health nexus that touches every population—juvenile and adult male and female offenders, probationers and parolees, the aging adult prison population, and victims of crime. In the United States today, the criminal justice system functions as a mental health provider, but at great cost to society. The author summarizes the historical roots of this crisis and provides an overview of mental illness and symptoms, using graphics, case studies, and spotlight features to illustrate the most pressing issues encountered by justice and behavioral health professionals and the populations they serve. Forensic Mental Health takes a multidisciplinary approach, addressing social work, psychology, counseling, and special education, and covers developments such as case law related to the right to treatment and trauma-informed care. Designed for advanced undergraduates, this text also serves as a training resource for practitioners working with the many affected justice-involved individuals with mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders, including juveniles and veterans.
The two volumes of Gravitational Waves provide a comprehensive and detailed account of the physics of gravitational waves. Volume 2 discusses what can be learned from gravitational waves in astrophysics and in cosmology, by systematizing a large body of theoretical developments that have taken place over the last decades.
Moving from an exploration of 19th century popular science and magic to Hollywood science fiction cinema of our time, Pierson examines the history, advancements and connoisseurship of special effects.
Pediatric Radiology: The Requisites focuses on new and emerging trends in pediatric imaging, with expanded content in all core clinical areas. The authors are prominent pediatric radiologists with extensive clinical experience in each of the subspecialty areas covered. Ideal for all radiology residents and practitioners, including specialists and any general radiologist who images children, this book also features coverage of the increasingly important aspects of communication and interpersonal relations with the patient, family, and members of the entire healthcare team. Provides comprehensive yet concise coverage of the core material fundamental to this subspecialty. Presents material in a logical anatomic sequence, organized by organ system. Features a multi-modality approach, providing the most common imaging techniques tailored to each organ system. Includes tables, boxes, pearls, key concepts, and differential diagnosis throughout the text to make key material accessible and easy to reference. Features expanded coverage of new and emerging imaging trends, including state of the art imaging techniques, dose optimization, the roles of the child life specialist and anesthesiologist in pediatric imaging, and the importance of effective communication in pediatric imaging. Focuses on team-based patient care with coverage of the increasingly important aspect of interpersonal relations with the patient, family, and members of the healthcare team. Crucial differences between pediatric and adult imaging are emphasized within each major organ system. Highlights key concepts of pediatric imaging, with special attention paid to dose optimization and the ALARA principle. Includes the newest imaging safety standards surrounding children, focusing on safe radiation dosing and optimization of imaging via lower radiation doses. Provides updated imaging approaches and illustrations of newer techniques applied in common pediatric conditions. 1,120 images clarify basic principles and offer expert image interpretation guidance.
Tasked by the Clean Water Act to restore and maintain the integrity of their waters, state and local governments must develop systems for assessing the health of the streams within their borders. They quickly find that one size does not fit all when it comes to sampling. Rapid Bioassessment of Stream Health examines the sampling techniques, laborat
In addition to tourist attractions such as the Fisherman’s Wharf, this guide presents the authentic Northern California experience. Explorer’s Guide Northern California offers the most up-to-date information on the region, from Big Sur to Yosemite, north to the Oregon Border while, urging travelers to understand the impact of their footprint on the land. With detailed descriptions of lodging options, honest reviews of restaurants, from taco trucks to upscale bistros, cultural attractions, natural wonders, recreation, transportation, history scattered throughout each listing, over 100 photos, and maps, readers will feel like they are getting a tour around this beautiful land from an old friend.
Written by established and emerging Indigenous intellectuals from a variety of positions, perspectives and places, these essays generate new ways of seeing and understanding Indigenous Australian history, culture, identity and knowledge in both national and global contexts. From museums to Mabo, anthropology to art, feminism to film, land rights to literature, the essays collected here offer provocative insights and compelling arguments around the historical and contemporary issues confronting Indigenous Australians today.
Named one of O Magazine’s “Best New Books of Spring” From the author of Above Us Only Sky and The Handbook for Lightning Strike Survivors, a touching new novel set in the 1960s about the power of friendship, love, and accepting your past in order to find a future. For nearly her entire life, Gloria Ricci has been followed by bees. They’re there when her mother loses twin children; when she first meets a neighborhood girl named Isabel, who brings out feelings in her that she knows she shouldn’t have; and when her parents, desperate to “help” her, bring her to the Belmont Institute, whose glossy brochures promise healing and peace. She tells no one, but their hum follows her as she struggles to survive against the Institute’s cold and damaging methods, as she meets an outspoken and unapologetic fellow patient named Sheffield Schoeffler, and as they run away, toward the freewheeling and accepting glow of 1960s Greenwich Village, where they create their own kind of family among the artists and wanderers who frequent the jazz bars and side streets. As Gloria tries to outrun her past, experiencing profound love—and loss—and encountering a host of unlikely characters, including her Uncle Eddie, a hard-drinking former boyfriend of her mother’s, to Madame Zelda, a Coney Island fortune teller, and Jacob, the man she eventually marries but whose dark side threatens to bring disaster, the bees remain. It’s only when she needs them most that Gloria discovers why they’re there. Moving from the suburbs of New Jersey to the streets of New York to the swamps of North Carolina and back again, Lost in the Beehive is a poignant novel about the moments that teach us, the places that shape us, and the people who change us.
New York City in June is no joke--and as a wave of violence engulfs the sweltering city, an even greater danger looms in this riveting thriller for fans of Iris Johansen and Tess Gerritsen. As the heat rises on a New York summer, a suicide bomb set off in a Times Square subway station nearly claims the life of 68-year-old ex-madam Kathleen. Then a woman is brutally murdered, her body dumped on a marshy beach in Queens. The woman, Sharon, was last seen by 26-year-old Emily--a Deputy Press Officer working at City Hall--getting into a car in front of the building where she and Kathleen both live in far upper Manhattan. Emily requests an autopsy report from the Chief of the NYPD, but she doesn't realize the gravity of using her position to gain information. Things turn deadly when a bomb is planted in her building, gutting it with a raging fireball. Kathleen, Emily, and Emily's two-year-old daughter, Skye, barely escape with their lives. Could Kathleen's criminal history be at the heart of the violence? If Emily can't help her, Kathleen could spend the rest of her life in prison. And when Emily discovers a shocking connection between herself and Kathleen, the stakes become impossibly high. By the time Emily realizes she's in grave danger, it may be too late. She's beyond the reach of the cops, of City Hall, of her family...and a killer is closing in fast.
Introduces new readers and students to a celebrated and controversial Victorian novel-poemMichele C. Martinez guides readers through the poem's major themes and literary and social contexts, introducing a range of interpretive frameworks. Long extracts from the poem are accompanied by helpful explanatory commentary. The text's composition history, major influences and modes of poetic expression are also discussed. The teaching and bibliographic chapters offer supplementary materials including print and internet resources.
Political Consumerism captures the creative ways in which consumers and citizens turn to the market as their arena for politics. This book theorizes, describes, analyzes, compares, and evaluates how political consumers target corporations to solve globalized problems. It demonstrates the reconfiguration of civic engagement, political participation, and citizenship. Unlike other studies, this book also evaluates if and how consumer actions are or can become effective mechanisms of global change.
This book provides an analysis of the reaction mechanisms relevant to a number of processes in which CO2 is converted into valuable products. Several different processes are considered that convert CO2 either in specialty chemicals or in bulk products or fuels. For each reaction, the mechanism is discussed and the assessed steps besides the dark sites of the reaction pathway are highlighted. From the insertion of CO2 into E-X bonds to the reduction of CO2 to CO or other C1 molecules or else to C2 or Cn molecules, the reactions are analysed in order to highlight the known and obscure reaction steps. Besides well known reaction mechanisms and energy profiles, several lesser known situations are discussed. Advancing knowledge of the latter would help to develop efficient routes for the conversion of CO2 into valuable products useful either in the chemical or in the energy industry. The content of this book is quite different from other books reporting the use of CO2. On account of its clear presentation, “Reaction Mechanisms in Carbon Dioxide Conversion” targets in particular researchers, teachers and PhD students.
In the first study of its kind, Michele H. Bogart explores in unprecedented detail the world of commercial art, its illustrators, publishers, art directors, photographers, and painters. She maps out the border between art and commerce and expands our picture of artistic culture and practice in the twentieth century with unexpected pairings of Norman Rockwell and Andy Warhol, J.C. Leyendecker and Georgia O'Keeffe, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Pepsi-Cola, the avant garde and the Famous Artists Schools, Inc.
Stay on top of the latest advances in the ambulatory care of women with Glass' Office Gynecology, 7e, today’s most up-to-date and practical guide to the common issues seen every day by women’s health providers in an office setting. Chapters mirror the common issues seen by practitioners and include epidemiology of gynecologic disease, examination tips, laboratory testing, diagnostic procedures, treatment and appropriate follow up, as well as referral for specialty treatment and counseling. Clinical notes make this book a handy resource for the busy practitioner.
Trusted by physicians and advanced practice providers through ten standard-setting editions, Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 11th Edition, remains the reference of choice for expert, multidisciplinary guidance on the management and evidence-based treatment of problems in the mother, fetus, and neonate. An expanded team of international authors, led by Drs. Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff, and Michele C. Walsh of Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, brings you up to date with advances in the control of nosocomial infections in preterm infants, genetic disorders and birth defects, the fetal origins of adult disease, the late preterm infants, and much more – all designed to help you improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes of your patients. Helps you make informed clinical choices for each patient – from diagnosis and treatment selection through post-treatment strategies and management of complications – with a dual focus on neonatology and perinatology. Includes a new chapter on Social and Economic Contributors to Neonatal Outcome. Features extensive updates and reorganization throughout, with new Key Points at the end of each chapter Provides up-to-date, evidence-based content, with more information on precision medicine and genetics. Uses detailed, full-color illustrations that depict disorders in the clinical setting and explain complex information. Remains the most comprehensive, multidisciplinary text in the field – an excellent source of information for every stage of your practice.
Tackle your toughest challenges and improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes of your patients with authoritative guidance from Fanaroff and Martin s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Drs. Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff, and Michele C. Walsh and a contributing team of leading experts in the field deliver a multi-disciplinary approach to the management and evidence-based treatment of problems in the mother, fetus and neonate. New chapters, expanded and updated coverage, increased worldwide perspectives, and many new contributors keep you current on the late preterm infant, the fetal origins of adult disease, neonatal anemia, genetic disorders, and more. "...a valuable reference book and a pleasure to read." Reviewed by BACCH Newsletter, Mar 2015 Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Be certain with expert, dependable, accurate answers for every stage of your career from the most comprehensive, multi-disciplinary text in the field! See nuance and detail in full-color illustrations that depict disorders in the clinical setting and explain complex information. Obtain more global perspectives and best practices with contributions from international leaders in the field of neonatal-perinatal medicine. Get comprehensive guidance on treating patients through a dual focus on neonatology and perinatology. Spot genetic problems early and advise parents of concerns, with a completely new section on this topic. Make informed clinical choices for each patient, from diagnosis and treatment selection through post-treatment strategies and management of complications, with new evidence-based criteria throughout. Stay at the forefront of your field thanks to new and completely revised chapters covering topics such as: Principles and Practice l Immune and Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis l Amniotic Fluid Volume l Enhancing Safe Prescribing in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit l Role of Imaging in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of High-Risk Neonates l Patent Ductus Arteriosus l Gastroesophageal Reflux and Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases in the Neonate. Find and grasp the information you need easily and rapidly with indexing that provides quick access to specific guidance.
Review of body system basics and disease processes in each chapter provides concise information to help you better manage patients in a hospital setting.Familiarizes you with the acute care environment by explaining medical terminology, hospital protocol, and surgical workupsIncludes updated information on medications, laboratory and diagnostic tests, and surgical and invasive procedures pertinent to physical therapy practiceClinical tips throughout the text show you how to maximize safety, quality, and efficiency of care. Over 350 illustrations, tables, and boxed text highlight essential concepts and procedures for quick reference. Uses terminology consistent with the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, Second EditionFocuses on evidence-based practice to help you determine the best interventions including recent literature regarding rehabilitation in the critical care setting. NEW! Pertinent practice patterns from the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, Second Edition are included in each chapter. NEW! Additional illustrations to improve comprehension of the materialNEW! More pharmacologic implications for physical therapists, specifically concerning side effects and use of combination drugs. NEW! Additional decision-making algorithms facilitate critical thinking in the clinical setting. NEW! Updated surgical and invasive procedures include minimally invasive orthopedic surgery, bariatric procedures, and complete insight into circulatory assist devices. NEW! Expanded neurological chapter including vestibular dysfunction tests and measures, a discussion of dementia, and the latest in stroke evaluation and management. NEW! Revised appendices discuss the latest concepts in documentation standards, palliative care, and patient safety. NEW! Slimmer, larger format allows the book to lie open for easier reading. NEW! Improved design highlighting clinical tips and other key features lets you locate important information quickly in a busy clinical setting.
Familiarize yourself with the acute care environment with this essential guide to physical therapy practice in an acute care setting. Acute Care Handbook for Physical Therapists, 4th Edition helps you understand and interpret hospital protocol, safety, medical-surgical ‘lingo’, and the many aspects of patient are from the emergency department to the intensive care unit to the general ward. This restructured new edition streamlines the text into four parts— Introduction, Systems, Diagnoses, and Interventions to make the book even easier to use as a quick reference. Intervention algorithms, updated illustrations, and language consistent with the ICF model all help you digest new information and become familiar with new terminology. This comprehensive resource is just what you need to better manage the specific needs of your patients in the complex acute care environment. Intervention algorithms, tables, boxes, and clinical tips highlight key information about the acute care environment in a format that makes finding and digesting information easy. The major body system chapters provide the evidence-based information you need to understand the complex issues of patients in the acute care environment so you can optimally manage the needs of your patients. Current information on medications, laboratory tests, diagnostics, and intervention methods relevant to patients in the acute care environment illustrates how the acute care environment can impact these elements. Clinical tips highlight key points and provide access to the tips and tricks accumulated over a career by an experienced clinician. Language consistent with the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice, 2nd Edition offers common linguistic ground through the use of Guide standards. Lay-flat pages and uncluttered design make the book easier to use as a quick reference. NEW! Restructured table of contents helps you quickly locate information. NEW! Language from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model adopted by the American Physical Therapy Association increases your familiarity with terminology. NEW! New intervention algorithms along with existing algorithms break clinical decision-making into individual steps and sharpens your on-the-spot critical-thinking skills. NEW! A quick-reference appendix covering abbreviations commonly found in the acute care environment supplies the translation tools you need, while flagging any abbreviations that may be harmful to the patient.
When tomorrow comes...what will be remembered I am the book of Michele Frey These thoughts are mine...and mine alone To all who dare to read me Be warned I am my mother's child My father's legacy I have learned from the best And the best I shall become These words are sacred in their own right Read them with respect For that is the way they were written
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