The grand duchy of Luxembourg was created after the Napoleonic Wars, but at the time there was no 'nation' that identified with the emergent state. This book analyses how politicians, scholars and artists have initiated and contributed to nation-building processes in Luxembourg since the nineteenth century, processes that – as this book argues – are still ongoing. The focus rests on three types of representations of nationhood: a shared past, a common homeland and a national language. History was written so as to justify the country's political independence. Territorial borders shifted meaning, constantly repositioning the national community. The local dialect – initially considered German variant – was gradually transformed into the 'national language', Luxembourgish.
Preliminary Material -- INTRODUCTION: UN REGARD GLACE: L'AVENTURE CHEVALERESQUE COMME «JUSTIFICATION» DE CLASSE -- CHAPITRE PREMIER: L'EFFET DE ROMAN LA FASCINATION DU MODELE ROMANESQUE -- CHAPITRE II: UN 'PILIER DU MONDE' -- CHAPITRE III: LE RITUEL SYMBOLIQUE DE L'ADOUBEMENT -- CHAPITRE IV: LA PASSION DU TOURNOI ET SES INTERDITS -- CHAPITRE V: LE PLAISIR DES ARMES -- CHAPITRE VI: LA PERSPECTIVE DE LA MIMESIS -- CHAPITRE VII: JEUX D'AMOUR, JEUX D'ECHECS -- CHAPITRE VIII: LE CEREMONIAL DU JEU -- CHAPITRE IX: LES «MISTERES» DU PAS DE L'ARBRE D'OR ET LE CHEVALIER PRISONNIER -- CHAPITRE X: JEU ET RITUEL -- CHAPITRE XI: 'ENTRE SOMMEILLANT ET ESVEILLE' -- D'UNE TECHNIQUE CHEVALERESQUE A UNE EXPERIENCE POETIQUE -- CHAPITRE XII: L'EMPRISE DU VISUEL -- CHAPITRE XIII: LE HERAUT D'ARMES ET LA TRADITION LITTERAIRE CHEVALERESQUE -- CHAPITRE XIV: LA FETE CHEVALERESQUE -- CHAPITRE XV: LE TROUBLE-FETE -- CHAPITRE XVI: LE GOTHIQUE FLAMBOYANT ET L'ESPRIT BAROQUE: ESQUISSE THEORIQUE D'UNE EXPERIENCE ESTHETIQUE -- CHAPITRE XVII: LE PARADOXE DU JEU CHEVALERESQUE -- CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHIE -- INDEX DES AUTEURS ET DES OEUVRES.
It is 1919. On a summer's night in Normandy, a new-born baby is left in a basket outside the home of Albert and Jeanne Arnaud. The childless couple take the foundling in, name him Jean, and decide to raise him as their own, though his parentage remains a mystery. Though Jean's life is never dull, he grows up knowing little of what lies beyond his local area. Until the day he sets off on his bicycle to discover the world, and encounters a Europe on the threshold of interesting times...
The Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (French Academy of Painting and Sculpture)—perhaps the single most influential art institution in history—governed the arts in France for more than 150 years, from its founding in 1648 until its abolition in 1793. Christian Michel's sweeping study presents an authoritative, in-depth analysis of the Académie’s history and legacy. The Académie Royale assembled nearly all of the important French artists working at the time, maintained a virtual monopoly on teaching and exhibitions, enjoyed a priority in obtaining royal commissions, and deeply influenced the artistic landscape in France. Yet the institution remains little understood today: all commentary on it, during its existence and since its abolition, is based on prejudices, both favorable and critical, that have shaped the way the institution has been appraised. This book takes a different approach. Rather than judging the Académie Royale, Michel unravels existing critical discourse to consider the nuances and complexities of the academy’s history, reexamining its goals, the shifting power dynamics both within the institution and in the larger political landscape, and its relationship with other French academies and guilds.
Michel Baridon traces the history of the most famous gardens in the world from their inception through the three centuries of eventful history that they have witnessed.
The differences between Old-Roman, Ambrosian, Aquileian, Gallican, and Hispanic chant, and their interconnections with each other and the Gregorian chant occupied Michel Huglo in his early career, although he returned to these questions in the 1980s and 1990s. The present volume, the second in the set of four to be published in the Variorum series, brings all this work together. Huglo's 1954 article, the first to describe the sources for Old Roman chant, recognized as distinct from Gregorian chant, is of primary significance for the historiography of Western plainchant, because it opened the debate on the relationship between Old Roman and Gregorian chant. The final section presents articles on the Latin version of the Akathistos hymn and on Byzantine chants translated into Latin that became part of the Western plainchant repertory. Les différences entre les répertoires Vieux-romain, Ambrosien, Aquiléien, Gallican et Hispanique, leurs influences réciproques et leurs relations avec le chant grégorien ont occupé Michel Huglo au début de sa carrière: il revint sur ces questions dans les années 1980 et 1990. Ce volume, le deuxième d'une série de quatre dans la collection Variorum, réunit toutes ces études. L'article de 1954 de Michel Huglo sur les sources du chant Vieux-romain, considéré comme distinct du grégorien, est de première importance pour l'historiographie du plain-chant occidental, car il a ouvert les débats sur le rapport entre Vieux-romain et grégorien. Les articles sur la version latine de l'Hymne Acathiste et sur les pièces de chant byzantin traduites en latin dans les répertoires occidentaux du plain-chant achèvent ce volume.
If you read or reread Freud, it is difficult not to find on a single page references to language: from speech to text, from slip of the tongue to word play, from letter to meaning-passing inevitably through the strange notion of literal meaning, that fascinated Freud. In short, the unconscious is linked to language. How could it be otherwise, if psychoanalysis is a cure through speech as indicated as early as 1881, by Fraülein Anna O.? The problem of the relationship between linguistic and psychoanalytic concepts necessarily arises. Until now this question has been examined mainly by psychoanalysts, from their own perspective, but here it is investigated by a linguist, who systematically explores two domains. The first is related to the sign and symbol, where the meeting of Freud, Saussure and Hjelmselv ocurred; whereas in the second, that of the signifier, Saussure reappears escorted by Lacan. But Freud is not far away, sine the Lacanian theory of the signifier is rooted not only in Saussure's Cours, but also in the Metapsychology and in Freud's Correspondence with Fliess. To aspire to unravel this knot, in fact corresponds to attempt a reading of the Lacanian aphorism “the unconscious is structured like a language”.
Volume 1 considers the uses to which social representation and modes of social behavior are put by individuals and groups, describing the tactics available to the common man for reclaiming his own autonomy from the all-pervasive forces of commerce, politics, and culture. Volume 2 is based on on microhistories that move from the private sphere (of dwelling, cooking, and homemaking) to the public (the experience of living in a neighborhood). Delves into the subtle tactics of resistance and private practices that make living a subversive art.
An intriguing tale of grit, courage and adventure, The Raja of Bourbon is a well-researched historical account that traces the 'swashbuckling narrative' of Jean de Bourbon, a nephew of Henry IV, the first Bourbon French king. In the mid-sixteenth century Jean embarks on his first journey from France to survive attempts to assassinate him. Alone in the wide world, he is kidnapped by pirates and sold at an Egyptian slave market. From Egypt to Ethiopia, his journey is full of adventures, each more incredible than the other. In 1560, Jean finally arrives at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar, ushering in a long trail of Bourbons in India. Balthazar de Bourbon, Jean's sole descendant in India, still stays in Bhopal, proud of his legendary ancestor and family history.
In this foundational exploration of political expression and participation, de Certeau examines who has the right to speak, how this right is acquired, and what happens when this right is denied or inhibited. He emphasizes that all too often free speech is upheld in the abstract while social institutions work in such a way to deny access to effective communication.
The French New Wave: An Artistic School is a lively introduction to this critical moment in film history by one of the world's leading scholars on the New Wave. Provides a concise account of the French New Wave by one of the world's leading film scholars. Outlines the essential traits of the New Wave and defines it as a school that changed international film history forever. Includes a chronology of major political and cultural events of the New Wave, black-and-white images, and an extensive bibliography.
More than two decades have passed since Chicago published the first volume of this groundbreaking work in the Religion and Postmodernism series. It quickly became influential across a wide range of disciplines and helped to make the tools of poststructuralist thought available to religious studies and theology, especially in the areas of late medieval and early modern mysticism. Though the second volume remained in fragments at the time of his death, Michel de Certeau had the foresight to leave his literary executor detailed instructions for its completion, which formed the basis for the present work. Together, both volumes solidify Certeau’s place as a touchstone of twentieth-century literature and philosophy, and continue his exploration of the paradoxes of historiography; the construction of social reality through practice, testimony, and belief; the theorization of speech in angelology and glossolalia; and the interplay of prose and poetry in discourses of the ineffable. This book will be of vital interest to scholars in religious studies, theology, philosophy, history, and literature.
This academic study uses accounts from more than 60 African American writers--Countee Cullen, James Baldwin, Chester Himes et al.--to explain why they were more readily accepted socially in Paris than in America. Fabre (The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright) shows that French/black American affinity started in pre-Civil War New Orleans (and not, as the title suggests, in Harlem), when illegitimate mulattos with inheritances from French slave-owners sent their children to Paris to be educated. The book concludes that acceptance and appreciation of black Americans were based largely of French distaste both for white Americans, whom the French found egotistical, and for black Africans, with whom the French had a bitter "mutual colonial history.
Early one morning in 1925, Hugie fell in love with a tall, brown-eyed girl as he passed her place on a cattle drive. He courted this girl, Oleta Brown, with no success at first, but finally they were married in 1927. Their daughter retells their story from vivid accounts they gave of their childhood, courtship, early years of marriage, and struggles during the Great Depression.
Thinking Critically About the Kennedy Assassination uses the tools of critical thinking, historical research, and philosophical inquiry to debunk the many myths and conspiracy theories surrounding JFK’s shocking and untimely death. As we approach the 60th anniversary of the violent public assassination of President John F. Kennedy, over half of all Americans surveyed continue to believe that he was killed by a conspiracy involving multiple assassins. Through its reasoned and detailed analysis of the content and evolution of JFK conspiracy narratives, this book also serves as a comprehensive case study of paranoid reasoning and modern mythmaking. The book’s opening chapters lay out the "official" academic consensus concerning the Kennedy assassination (better known as the "Lone Gunman Theory") and discuss the origins of popular interpretations of Kennedy’s life and death, such as the nostalgic myth of "Camelot," the unsympathetic "Irish Mafia" narrative, and the many conspiracy theories critical of both. Subsequent sections scrutinize the alleged motives of leading conspiracy suspects, the ballistic, forensic, and medical evidence related to JFK’s murder, and the most popular "proofs" of an enduring government cover- up. The book concludes that no clear evidence exists to suggest that JFK was the victim of a conspiracy and ends with a discussion of the causes and consequences of paranoid thinking in contemporary public discourse. This volume will appeal to students of history, politics, psychology, and cultural and media studies, and to a broader audience interested in American history, critical thinking, and conspiracy thinking.
This title lists everyone and everything in Formula One for the 2006 season. It contains information on drivers, team principals, cars, engines, mechanics, engineers, key people, sponsors, suppliers, photographers, officials, tracks and more.
In this masterful account, a historian of science surveys the molecular biology revolution, its origin and continuing impact. Since the 1930s, a molecular vision has been transforming biology. Michel Morange provides an incisive and overarching history of this transformation, from the early attempts to explain organisms by the structure of their chemical components, to the birth and consolidation of genetics, to the latest technologies and discoveries enabled by the new science of life. Morange revisits A History of Molecular Biology and offers new insights from the past twenty years into his analysis. The Black Box of Biology shows that what led to the incredible transformation of biology was not a simple accumulation of new results, but the molecularization of a large part of biology. In fact, Morange argues, the greatest biological achievements of the past few decades should still be understood within the molecular paradigm. What has happened is not the displacement of molecular biology by other techniques and avenues of research, but rather the fusion of molecular principles and concepts with those of other disciplines, including genetics, physics, structural chemistry, and computational biology. This has produced decisive changes, including the discoveries of regulatory RNAs, the development of massive scientific programs such as human genome sequencing, and the emergence of synthetic biology, systems biology, and epigenetics. Original, persuasive, and breathtaking in its scope, The Black Box of Biology sets a new standard for the history of the ongoing molecular revolution.
This is the final volume in the set of four collections of Michel Huglo's articles to be published in the Variorum series, and focuses on medieval music theory. The point of departure for Huglo's research was his doctoral dissertation on tonaries, published in 1971: as a consequence, he studied the manuscripts of music theory concerning plainchant, and, later, those with writings on music by authors of Late Antiquity as well as the Liber glossarum, with its many definitions of musical terms. In this volume, certain articles consider the interpretation or dissemination of texts, instruction in the art of plainchant, and musical instruction at the university. Others concern the manuscripts of St Augustine's De musica and of the writings of Calcidius, Macrobius, Helisachar, Hucbald, Gerbert of Aurillac, Abbo of Fleury, John of Afflighem, and Hieronymus de Moravia, amongst others. The volume closes with a bibliography of Michel Huglo complementing that published in 1993 and a summary list of his reviews of books on music and liturgy. Ce volume des articles de Michel Huglo termine la série de quatre dans la collection Variorum. Il est centré sur la théorie musicale médiévale. Le point de départ des recherches de Michel Huglo sur la théorie musicale du Moyen Âge est formé par sa thèse sur les tonaires, éditée en 1971: en consequence il etudia les manuscrits de theorie musicale concernant le plain-chant et, plus tard, les auteurs de l'Antiquité tardive et le Liber glossarum qui contient des définitions de nombreux termes musicaux. Dans ce volume, certains articles traitent de l'interprétation ou de la dissémination des textes, des instructions sur l'art du chant, et sur l'enseignement de la musique à l'Université. Ils concernent les manuscrits du De musica d'Augustin, de Calcidius, Macrobe, Helisachar, Hucbald, Gerbert d'Aurillac, Abbon de Fleury, Jean d'Afflighem, Hieronymus de Moravia, et d'autres auteurs. Le volume se termine par une bibliographie de Michel Huglo complétant celle publiée en 1993 et une liste sommaire de ses recensions d'ouvrages sur la musique et la liturgie.
In the aftermath of French defeat in July 1940, twenty-year-old Jean Arnaud and his ally, the charming conman Palfy, are hiding out at a brothel in Clermont-Ferrand, having narrowly escaped a firing squad. At a military parade, Jean falls for a beautiful stranger, Claude, who will help him forget his adolescent heartbreak but bring far more serious troubles of her own. Having safely reached occupied Paris, the friends mingle with art smugglers and forgers, social climbers, showbiz starlets, bluffers, swindlers and profiteers, French and German, as Jean learns to make his way in a world of murky allegiances. But beyond the social whirl, the war cannot stay away forever... In this sequel to the acclaimed novel The Foundling Boy, Michel Déon's hero comes to manhood not through combat but by discovering truths about desire and possession, sex and love, and the nuances that lie between crudely drawn battle lines.
Going back for generations, the fortunes of great families consist of far more than money; they are also symbols of culture and social interaction. They are at the heart of dense family and extra-family networks, of international coalitions and divisions. The authors elucidate the mechanisms by which they accumulate and expand their wealth, status and influence even while staying out of the public eye. Paradoxically there is a quasi-collective nature to these private fortunes, as families enjoy sojourns at each other's estates, help each other weather difficult times and intermarry.
From the seventeenth-century attempts to formulate a "history of man" to Freud's Moses and Monotheism, de Certeau examines the West's changing conceptions of the role and nature of history.
This is the third in a set of four collections of articles by Michel Huglo to be published in the Variorum series. It brings together the studies of Gregorian chant and of later monophonic and polyphonic additions to the earlier repertory that occupied Huglo in the second phase of his research. Represented here are articles on the Kyrie, the introit tropes of St-Gall, an elegy for William the Conqueror (d. 1087), the versus by Venantius Fortunatus for the cathedral of Paris, the liturgical dramas of Fleury, early organum, the Mass of Tournai, and, finally, the Requiem by Eustache Du Caurroy. Ce volume des articles de Michel Huglo est le troisième de la série de quatre dans la collection Variorum. Il réunit des études sur le chant grégorien et sur les additions de pièces monodiques ou polyphoniques faites au répertoire primitif, sujets qui ont occupé Michel Huglo dans la seconde phase de sa carrière de chercheur. Dans ce volume, le lecteur trouvera des articles sur le Kyrie, les tropes d'introït de St-Gall, l'élégie pour Guillaume le Conquérant (d. 1087), les versus de Venance Fortunat pour la cathédrale de Paris, les drames liturgiques de Fleury, les débuts de l'organum, la Messe de Tournai, et finalement le Requiem d'Eustache Du Caurroy.
This remarkable volume brings together texts that reveal a unique perspective on Foucault's work on the interrelated topics of madness, language, and literature in the second half of the 1960s. Not only do these texts develop analyses and concepts that cannot be found anywhere else in Foucault's oeuvre, but they also show that Foucault's relation to structuralism in those years was far more complex and rich than he himself was ready to acknowledge. They show, more precisely, that between The Order of Things and The Archaeology of Knowledge, and specifically in relation to madness, literature, and literary criticism, Foucault turned to structuralism not only to challenge the central role attributed to the human subject, but also to analyze language and human experience as in a way detached from the historical conditions of their emergence and production. Madness, Language, Literature is organized around three main issues: the status and place of the madman in our societies; the relationship between madness, language, and literature in Baroque theater, the theater of cruelty by Antonin Artaud, and the work of Raymond Roussel; and the evolution of literary criticism in the 1960s. A study of the "absence of a work" in Balzac and of the relationship between desire and knowledge in Flaubert completes this ensemble, presenting a side of Foucault somewhat different from the one we know from the texts he published during this time"--
Since the beginning of the 21st century France has seen the return of anti-Semitism with attacks, desecration of cemeteries, insults, and threats. This book is the outcome of a survey carried out by Michel Wieviorka along with a dozen sociologists. He examines different tracks: the possible links between anti-Semitism and the presence of a considerable Muslim population in France, the hypothesis of a meeting between Islamism and the anti-Semitic extreme left, as well as the hypothesis whereby the rise of anti-Semitism is connected with the evolution of the Jewish population in France which is increasingly attracted by a community-oriented way of life. This book demonstrates that present-day anti-Semitism owes as much to factors internal to French society (the social, institutional, and political crisis) as it does to the projection of global issues on French soil, in particular those which originate in the Middle East. He demonstrates that this phenomenon has novel aspects, but its more classical features are also borne in mind. This rigorous and objective book is the first scientific study of present-day French anti-Semitism.
The twenty-five crisp and amusing short stories in this collection prove that elementary readings in French can also be entertaining. Some are original anecdotes and others adaptations of traditional French of French-Canadian stories, some are from anonymous sources, and some by acknowledged masters such as LaFontaine. All are distinguished by the classic literary virtue of the French—precision, economy, and the traditional Gallic twist. A delightful series of line drawings by Antje Lingner aptly reflects the spirit of the book. This collection is designed for reading in Grades XI and XII, and for introductory courses at the University or Extension course level. To encourage a quick response and facility in reading, the stories emphasize the idiomatic and rely heavily on dialogue, avoiding as much as possible an over-literary syntax. The text employs elementary vocabulary and constructions throughout and is representative in all respects of the spoken language today. The emphasis on conversational organization in the stories will be immediately apparent, and it is this feature that should be exploited in the classroom and other group situations. On a series of four long-playing records the entire text has been transcribed for use in oral and phonetics classes. The readings are given slowly but naturally and with a relish which catches the drama and humour of the material. The combination of text and recordings offers a most valuable method of acquiring aural familiarity with spoken French. The stories are supplemented with vocabulary, notes and exercises. For each story there is supplied a series of questions that lend themselves to oral answers and discussion; in addition there is a short exercise reviewing grammatical forms, with special emphasis on the verb, as well as a brief passage for prose translation into French.
Drama. Translated from the French by David Willinger. Michel de Ghelderode (1898-1962) was a Belgian playwright who is ranked by many as a key member of the international avant-garde, on par with Beckett, Brecht, Ionesco, Genet and Pinter. Writing most of his plays between 1918 and 1937, he wasn't discovered in Europe until after World War II, where he was hailed as the "Belgian Shakespeare," and in America until the 1960's. Both discoveries led to great, though still cult level, popularity. In the early 60's not a week went by without a production of one of Ghelderode's plays happening somewhere in the United States. This unique volume includes three plays--The Siege of Ostend, The Actor Makes His Exit and Transfiguration in the Circus--in their first-ever English translation.
An art world insider provides a witty and penetrating account of fifty years at the center of international culture. Art historian, curator, and museum director Michel Laclotte has been at the forefront of French cultural life over the past half century. This informal autobiography sheds light on his brilliant career with warmth and directness. Highlights include twenty years as chief curator of painting and sculpture at the Musée du Louvre, heading the team that created the Musée dOrsay, and taking the reins of the Louvre to lead the effort that culminated in the museums transformation into the ?Grand Louvre,” one of the worlds preeminent cultural attractions. Raising the curtain on fifty years of Western art scholarship, intrigue, and achievement, Laclotte introduces an extraordinary cast of characters who set Frances cultural direction in the postwar period from Charles de Gaulle and André Malraux in the 1950s to François Mitterand in the 1980s and 1990s. His story overlaps with virtually every major scholarly figure in French art history of the last half-century, as well as Laclottes mentors and colleagues throughout and beyond Europe, from Roberto Longhi and Anthony Blunt to Sir John Pope-Hennessy and Millard Meiss. An incomparable testament to a period of seismic change in the museum world, this volume will be essential reading for art world afficianados and all students of art and modern culture.
In Psychiatric Power, the fourth volume in the collection of his groundbreaking lectures at the Collège de France, Michel Foucault addresses and expands upon the ideas in his seminal Madness and Civilization, sketching the genealogy of psychiatry and of its characteristic form of power/knowledge. Madness and Civilization undertook the archeology of the division according to which, in Western Society, the madman found himself separated from the sane. That book ends with the medicalization of madness at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Psychiatric Power continues this discourse up to the end of the nineteenth century, and the double "depsychiatrization" of madness, now dispersed between the neurologist and the psychoanalyst. Presented in a conversational tone, Psychiatric Power brings fresh access and light to the work of one of the past century's preeminent thinkers.
This book is a fresh and readable account of the Covid-19 pandemic and how scientists and medical doctors are helping governments to manage the crisis. The book contains interviews and exchanges with dozens of scientists, doctors, experts, government representatives, and journalists. Why do some of the most scientifically advanced countries have the highest Covid-19 mortality? During the pandemic, the research community has been at the heart of—and actor in—a global scandal. Why has science failed? With the help of numerous testimonies from China, France, the UK and the USA in particular, the book provides an insider’s view on this major crisis. Although the governments of these countries based their Covid-19 strategy on science, scientists failed to have a decisive influence on decision-makers—except in China—, which created genuine “time bombs.” The accelerated development of vaccines does not erase past months’ errors. The crisis led to the development of “science politics” at an unprecedented rate. More worryingly, experts themselves acknowledge that they did not rise to the challenge. Covid-19 also highlighted the weakness of democratic regimes and the power of technocapitalism. Countries pulled down their blinds, locked their doors, and promoted national approaches rather than international cooperation. The author proposes to set up an international framework on health risk to co-construct decision-making. He advocates political distancing in order to put the basics first: develop science, fight ignorance.
The most celebrated and controversial French novelist of our time now delivers his magnum opus—about art and money, love and friendship and death, fathers and sons. The Map and the Territory is the story of an artist, Jed Martin, and his family and lovers and friends, the arc of his entire history rendered with sharp humor and powerful compassion. His earliest photographs, of countless industrial objects, were followed by a surprisingly successful series featuring Michelin road maps, which also happened to bring him the love of his life, Olga, a beautiful Russian working—for a time—in Paris. But global fame and fortune arrive when he turns to painting and produces a host of portraits that capture a wide range of professions, from the commonplace (the owner of a local bar) to the autobiographical (his father, an accomplished architect) and from the celebrated (Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Discussing the Future of Information Technology) to the literary (a writer named Houellebecq, with whom he develops an unusually close relationship). Then, while his aging father (his only living relative) flirts with oblivion, a police inspector seeks Martin’s help in solving an unspeakably gruesome crime—events that prove profoundly unsettling. Even so, now growing old himself, Jed Martin somehow discovers serenity and manages to add another startling chapter to his artistic legacy, a deeply moving conclusion to this saga of hopes and losses and dreams.
As the financial crisis reached its climax in September 2008, the most important figure on the planet was Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke. The whole financial system was collapsing, without anything to stop it. When a senator asked Bernanke what would happen if the central bank did not carry out its rescue package, he replied,"lf we don't do this, we may not have an economy on Monday." What saved finance, and the Western economy, was money. Yet it is a highly ambivalent phenomenon. It is deeply embedded in our societies, acting as a powerful link between the individual and the collective. But by no means is it neutral. Through its grip on finance and the debts system, money confers sovereign power on the economy. If confidence in money is not maintained, crises will follow. Looking over the last 5,000 years, this book explores the development of money and its close connection to sovereign power. Michel Aglietta mobilises the tools of anthropology, history and political economy in order to analyse how political structures and monetary systems have transformed one another. We can thus grasp the different eras of monetary regulation and the crises capitalism has endured throughout its history.
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