Constructing Quantum Mechanics is the first of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics. It covers the key developments in the period 1900-1923, which provided the scaffold on which the arch of modern quantum mechanics was built. This volume traces the early contributions by Planck,Einstein, and Bohr to the theories of black-body radiation, specific heats, and spectroscopy, all showing the need for drastic changes to the physics of their day. It examines the efforts by Sommerfeld and others to provide a new theory, now known as the old quantum theory. After some strikinginitial successes (explaining the fine structure of hydrogen, X-ray spectra, and the Stark effect), the old quantum theory ran into serious difficulties (failing to provide consistent models for helium and the Zeeman effect) and eventually gave way to matrix and wave mechanics.The book breaks new ground, both in its treatment of the work of Sommerfeld and his associates, and also in its offering of new perspectives on classic papers by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr. Throughout this volume, the authors provide detailed reconstructions of the central arguments and derivationsof the physicists involved, allowing for a full and thorough understanding of the key principles.
This is the second of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics in the first quarter of the 20th century. It covers the period 1923-1927. After covering some of the difficulties the old quantum theory had run into by the early 1920s as well as the discovery of the exclusion principle and electron spin, it traces the emergence of two forms of the new quantum mechanics, matrix mechanics and wave mechanics, in the years 1923-27. It then shows how the new theory took care of some of the failures of the old theory and put its successes on a more solid basis. Finally, it shows how in 1927 the two forms of the new theory were unified, first through statistical transformation theory, then through the Hilbert space formalism. This volume provides a detailed analysis of the classic papers by Heisenberg, Born, Jordan, Dirac, De Broglie, Einstein, Schrödinger, von Neumann and other authors. Drawing on the correspondence of these and other physicists, their later reminiscences and the extensive secondary literature on the “quantum revolution”, this volume places these papers in the context of the discussions out of which modern quantum mechanics emerged. It argues that the genesis of modern quantum mechanics can be seen as the construction of an arch on a scaffold provided by the old quantum theory, discarded once the arch could support itself.
The AlveoConsistograph helps you to classify, control, and select wheat and flour and to optimize their blending for specific rheological properties. It measures the effects of improvers, ingredients, and other additives, resulting in better control of dough on the production line and more consistent end-product quality. The AlveoConsistograph Handbook, Second Edition provides an understanding of the technical data generated by the instrument and gives timely application examples. It explains the workings of the Chopin Consistograph and provides deep insight into its coupling with the Chopin Alveograph. As the first revision of this resource in 20 years, this new edition explains major modifications and improvements of the alveograph through new and completely revised chapters. A new chapter on the Consistograph, the component used to determine the water absorption capacity of flour, includes test procedures, applications, differences from other devices, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Another new chapter discusses the debate surrounding the testing of samples using either constant water content or constant consistency methods. This chapter gives useful insight into the adapted hydrated alveograph protocol and its benefits for users of flour that will be part of formulations when gluten quality and performance is crucial. It covers the controversial subject in depth, along with the technical basis for the development of the debate, and compares the uses of both methods on the same wheat. In addition to wheat flour, the book provides guidance for using the alveograph on additional products, such as durum wheat semolina and durum pasta. All the chapters have been rewritten to include the latest practices and will help users gain a better understanding of how this important technology is used in today’s food labs. This large-format, easy-to-read handbook includes two helpful appendixes: The first lists the main parts of the alveograph, and the second lists selected references concerning the alveograph. The AlveoConsistograph Handbook will provide users all along the cereal chain with up-to-date information that helps them to get the most out of their daily use of this important technology. The book will be especially useful for food scientists in the baking industry, quality control laboratories, suppliers of enzymes and additives, breeders, grain scientists involved with grain storage, and grain exporters Description of different types of alveographs Theory of the alveograph Description of the alveograph procedure Modification of the alveograph procedure Interpretation of alveograph results Factors influencing the alveograph Alveograph calibration Description of the consistograph Adapted hydration method for the alveograph Troubleshooting
These proceedings contain papers presented at the 8th Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery conference, held 17-19, March 1999 at ESIEE, Marne-la- Vall ee. The domains of discrete geometry and computer imagery are closely related. Discrete geometry provides both theoretical and algorithmic models for the p- cessing, analysis and synthesis of images; in return computer imagery, in its variety of applications, constitutes a remarkable experimentational eld and is a source of challenging problems. The number of returning participants, the arrival each year of contributions from new laboratories and new researchers, as well as the quality and originality of the results have contributed to the success of the conference and are an - dication of the dynamism of this eld. The DGCI has become one of the major conferences related to this topic, including participating researchers and la- ratories from all over the world. Of the 41 papers received this year, 24 have been selected for presentation and 7 for poster sessions. In addition to these, four invited speakers have contributed to the conference. The site of Marne-la-Vall ee, just 20 min away from Paris, is particularly we- suited to hold the conference. Indeed, as a newly built city, it showcases a great amount of modern creative architecture, whose pure lines and original shapes o er a favorable context for the topic of Geometry.
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