يثير المنظر منذ ربع قرن مطلباً إجتماعياً متزايد الإلحاح والتنوّع، يجهد المعنيّون بالمناظر في إرضائه، إضافة إلى إهتمام خاصّ من لدن العديد من العلوم الإنسانية والإجتماعيّة. ويبدو من الضروري اليوم تكافل جميع هذه الميادين بغية الإحاطة بمختلف جوانب المنظر، فهو ظاهرة متعددة الأبعاد ونقطة تقاطع حقيقيّة لمساهمات الطبيعة والثقافة والتاريخ والجغرافية والفرد والمجتمع والواقع والمتخيّل والرمزيّ. ضمن هذا الإطار، كان لسؤال المنظر في الادب أن يُطرح بدوره وفق أسس جديدة، مفضياً منذ ما يقارب من عشرين عاماً إلى أبحاث متعدّدة، فضلاً عن أن الكتّاب أنفسهم لم يكفّوا يوماً عن ربط ممارستهم وتفكيرهم بأفقٍ ما... يشكلّ المنظر في الشعر، كما في كلّ سياق آخر، مكاناً مشاعاً يخصّنا جميعاً وفضاءَ حريّة ممنوحاً لحساسيّة كلٍّ منّا وإبداعه، وبهذا يهيّئ أرضيّة مشتركة تمكّن الفرد من التواصل الحقيقيّ مع الجماعة دون التخلّي عن ذاته، وفيها تكمن صيرورة الحضارة بصفتها نتاجاً جماعيّاً.
At the heart of how history sees the French Revolution lies the enigma of the Terror. How did this archetypal revolution, founded on the principles of liberty and equality and the promotion of human rights, arrive at circumstances where it carried out the violent and terrible repression of its opponents? The guillotine, initially designed to be a ‘humane’ form of capital punishment, became a formidable instrument of political repression and left a deep imprint, not only on how we see the Revolution, but also on how France’s image has been depicted in the world. This book reconstructs the Terror in all its complexity. It shows that the popular view of a so-called ‘system of terror’ was retrospectively invented by the group of revolutionaries who overthrew Robespierre, as a way of trying to exonerate themselves from culpability. What we think of as ‘the Terror’ is best understood as an improvised and sometimes chaotic response to events, based on the urgent needs of a revolutionary government confronted by a succession of political and military crises. It was a government of ‘exception’ – a crisis government. Terror brings together a wealth of factual elements, along with recent thinking on the ideological, emotional and tactical dimensions of revolutionary politics, to throw new light on how the phenomenon of terror came to demonise the image and memory of the French Revolution. It will be essential reading for students and scholars of the French Revolution and for anyone concerned with the ways in which political conflict can descend into violence.
Inhalt Das Gefühl für das Gute und Böse - Von der Angewohnheit und der Mißlichkeit - Von der Pedanterei - Über die Kinderzucht - Über die Freundschaft - Von der Mäßigung - Über die Einsamkkeit - Unsere Begierden - Über Lob, Preis und Ruhm - Von der Gewissensfreiheit - Was nützlich ist und was ehrlich - Über die Nachteile, welche mit Hoheit und Größe - Man muß seinen Willen beschränken - Von Hinkenden - Von der Physiognomie - Von der Erfahrung
Montaignes Hauptwerk begründeten die literarische Form des Essays. Die einzelnen Abschnitte seiner Essais betrachten unterschiedliche Objekte von ebenso unterschiedlichem Rang und reichen etwa von konfessionellen Streitfragen über die Medizin und Heilkunde, zu grundlegenden Problemen menschlicher Erkenntnis, betrachten das zwischenmenschliche Zusammenleben, Hexenprozesse und Aberglauben, Reiten und Pferde in einer kaleidoskopischen Vielfalt.
This book examines Samuel Beckett’s unique lesson in courage in the wake of humanism’s postwar crisis—the courage to go on living even after experiencing life as a series of catastrophes. Rabaté, a former president of the Samuel Beckett Society and a leading scholar of modernism, explores the whole range of Beckett’s plays, novels, and essays. He places Beckett in a vital philosophical conversation that runs from Bataille to Adorno, from Kant and Sade to Badiou. At the same time, he stresses Beckett’s inimitable sense of metaphysical comedy. Foregrounding Beckett’s decision to write in French, Rabaté inscribes him in a continental context marked by a “writing degree zero” while showing the prescience and ethical import of Beckett’s tendency to subvert the “human” through the theme of the animal. Beckett’s “declaration of inhuman rights,” he argues, offers the funniest mode of expression available to us today.
This work is devoted to the study of rates of convergence of the empirical measures μn=1n∑nk=1δXk, n≥1, over a sample (Xk)k≥1 of independent identically distributed real-valued random variables towards the common distribution μ in Kantorovich transport distances Wp. The focus is on finite range bounds on the expected Kantorovich distances E(Wp(μn,μ)) or [E(Wpp(μn,μ))]1/p in terms of moments and analytic conditions on the measure μ and its distribution function. The study describes a variety of rates, from the standard one 1n√ to slower rates, and both lower and upper-bounds on E(Wp(μn,μ)) for fixed n in various instances. Order statistics, reduction to uniform samples and analysis of beta distributions, inverse distribution functions, log-concavity are main tools in the investigation. Two detailed appendices collect classical and some new facts on inverse distribution functions and beta distributions and their densities necessary to the investigation.
Caribbean immigrants have now become part of the social landscape of many American cities. Few studies, however, have treated in detail the process of their integration in American society. American Odyssey assesses the development and adaptation, in both human and socio-economic terms, of the Haitian immigrant community in three boroughs of New York City. An informed and well-rounded portrayal of a Caribbean community in New York, this book offers a fresh theoretical view of the structuring of urban ethnicity and provides the ethnographic background essential to understanding the problems of the Haitian population in the United States.
Revised and reissued in light of recent events, this classic and now increasingly important book is an exception in the literature on terrorism. Based on complex observations of actual movement participants, Wieviorka's book addresses a broad spectrum of terrorist activity—from Italian left-wing terrorists to Basque nationalist groups to the international terrorism of Palestine and the Middle East. The result is an incisive analysis of what terrorists believe and what they hope to achieve through their actions. For this new edition, Wieviorka adds new material that remaps the state of terrorism after the events of 2001.
From Plato’s dismissal of food as a distraction from thought to Kant’s relegation of the palate to the bottom of the hierarchy of the senses, the sense of taste has consistently been devalued by Western aesthetics. Kant is often invoked as evidence that philosophers consider taste as an inferior sense because it belongs to the realm of the private and subjective and does not seem to be required in the development of higher types of knowledge. From a gastrosophical perspective, however, what Kant perceives as a limitation becomes a new field of enquiry that investigates the dialectics of diet and discourse, self and matter, inside and outside. The essays in this book examine the importance of food as a pivotal element – both materially and conceptually – in the history of the Western avant-garde. From Gertrude Stein to Alain Robbe-Grillet and Samuel Beckett, from F.T. Marinetti to Andy Warhol, from Marcel Duchamp to Eleanor Antin, the examples chosen explore the conjunction of art and foodstuff in ways that interrogate contemporary notions of the body, language, and subjectivity.
Just like the periodical crystalline potential in solid-state crystals determines their properties for the conduction of electrons, the periodical structuring of photonic crystals leads to envisioning the possibility of achieving a control of the photon flux in dielectric and metallic materials. The use of photonic crystals as a cage for storing, filtering or guiding light at the wavelength scale thus paves the way to the realisation of optical and optoelectronic devices with ultimate properties and dimensions. This should contribute toward meeting the demands for a greater miniaturisation that the processing of an ever increasing number of data requires. Photonic Crystals intends to provide students and researchers from different fields with the theoretical background needed for modelling photonic crystals and their optical properties, while at the same time presenting the large variety of devices, from optics to microwaves, where photonic crystals have found applications. As such, it aims at building bridges between optics, electromagnetism and solid-state physics. This book was written by six specialists of nanophotonics, and was coordinated by Jean-Michel Lourtioz, head of the Institut d'Électronique Fondamentale in Orsay and coordinator of the French Research Network in Nanophotonics.
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