Since the early 1990s the transition economy countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have had to adapt their pension systems in minor and often very major ways. Some of the changes relate to shrinking contribution bases and the inability of government's to finance prior commitments, while still having to protect the pensioned populations from poverty. Other changes, however, reflect the need to make pension systems more sustainable in light of forthcoming demographic changes. The reforms entail a move away from a single-pillar pay-as-you-go defined benefit systems toward multi-pillar systems that include a funded defined contribution component, and change that convert remaining pay-as-you-go components into ones that are more self sustaining and transparent. The paper describes ongoing developments, assesses the effects of current and forthcoming challenges in light of potential labor market changes, and examines choices for a new pensions system with respect to the organization, administration, guarantees, transition arrangements, participation requirements, role of the government, annuitization, and other factors. The paper concludes that though a 'one-size-fits-all' approach is clearly not appropriate, some practices emerging from the experiences in this region and elsewhere may offer useful guidance to others as they undertake deeper pension reforms.
Since the early 1990s the transition economy countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have had to adapt their pension systems in minor and often very major ways. Some of the changes relate to shrinking contribution bases and the inability of government's to finance prior commitments, while still having to protect the pensioned populations from poverty. Other changes, however, reflect the need to make pension systems more sustainable in light of forthcoming demographic changes. The reforms entail a move away from a single-pillar pay-as-you-go defined benefit systems toward multi-pillar systems that include a funded defined contribution component, and change that convert remaining pay-as-you-go components into ones that are more self sustaining and transparent. The paper describes ongoing developments, assesses the effects of current and forthcoming challenges in light of potential labor market changes, and examines choices for a new pensions system with respect to the organization, administration, guarantees, transition arrangements, participation requirements, role of the government, annuitization, and other factors. The paper concludes that though a 'one-size-fits-all' approach is clearly not appropriate, some practices emerging from the experiences in this region and elsewhere may offer useful guidance to others as they undertake deeper pension reforms.
The Mickiewicz who emerges from the texts included herein is an artist whose work centers on the experience of modernityan attempt to diagnose it and to formulate his own response. At the same time, that response takes divergent forms in the poet's work: from acceptance through rejection to paraphrase and reworking; of no less importance is the concealed presence of modernity in his work. The Mickiewicz of A Different Mickiewicz is above all a writer of contradictions, aporias, and an experience that is impossible and simultaneously necessary; it is defined by many orders of meanings that differentiate his texts' formulations of the problems they address. This phenomenon manifests itself in the poet's writings in connection with the formula of writing, the category of subjectivity (including the author's subjectivity), the vision of history, the experience of reality, the construction of ideological and cultural projects, problems of cognition and religion. Micha? Kuziak. Full Professor. Institute of Polish Literature of the University of Warsaw (Department of Comparative Studies). Author of books and articles on romantic and contemporary literature and the theory of literature and comparative literary studies.
A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe is a synthetic work, authored by an international team of researchers, covering twenty national cultures and 250 years. It goes beyond the conventional nation-centered narratives and presents a novel vision especially sensitive to the cross-cultural entanglement of political ideas and discourses. Its principal aim is to make these cultures available for the global 'market of ideas' and revisit some of the basic assumptions about the history of modern political thought, and modernity as such. The present volume is a sequel to Volume I: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century'. It begins with the end of the Great War, depicting the colorful intellectual landscape of the interwar period and the increasing political and ideological radicalization culminating in the Second World War. Taking the war experience both as a breaking point but in many ways also a transmitter of previous intellectual traditions, it maps the intellectual paradigms and debates of the immediate postwar years, marked by a negotiation between the democratic and communist agendas, as well as the subsequent processes of political and cultural Stalinization. Subsequently, the post-Stalinist period is analyzed with a special focus on the various attempts of de-Stalinization and the rise of revisionist Marxism and other critical projects culminating in the carnivalesque but also extremely dramatic year of 1968. This volume is followed by Volume II: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Short Twentieth Century' and Beyond, Part II: 1968-2018.
What is human resource strategy? How are human resources strategies formulated and how can we explain the variance between what is espoused and what is actually implemented? What impact – if any – does human resource strategy have on the organization’s "bottom line," and how can this impact be explained? Is there one best HR strategy for all firms, or is the impact of HR strategy on performance contingent on some set of organizational, technological or environmental factors? Human Resource Strategy, 2nd edition, provides an overview of the academic and practitioner responses to these and other questions. Applying an integrative framework, the authors review 30 years’ worth of empirical and theoretical research in an attempt to reconcile often-conflicting conceptual models and competing empirical results. Complex theoretical models and scientific findings are presented in an accessible and relevant way, in the context of the strategic decisions that executives are forced to make on a regular basis. This new edition features an updated literature review, coverage of the latest challenges to HR strategy, new mini-cases, discussion questions, additional examples, and an emphasis on the strategic implications of the research, making it an ideal resource for students and practitioners alike.
In the seventeenth century, previously peaceful relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth deteriorated into a series of military confrontations over the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Although scholars have generally interpreted this rivalry in terms of conflicting geopolitical interests, this state-centred approach ignores one of the most important developments of the period: the devolution of power away from rulers and formal institutions towards political factions. Drawing on Ottoman, Polish and Romanian sources, The Ottomans and Eastern Europe explores the complex interplay between regional politics and the rise of factionalism, focusing on cross-border patronage between Ottoman, Polish-Lithuanian and Moldavian elites. By approaching the history of the region from a factional, rather than state-centred perspective, this book investigates an alternative geography of power, defined by personal interactions that straddled religious, political and social boundaries between the elites. Wasiucionek reveals the way in which these interactions not only shaped the Ottoman-Polish rivalry over Moldavia, but also influenced political culture throughout the region. Published in Association with the British Institute at Ankara.
Responding to the increasingly influential role of Hannah Arendt’s political philosophy in recent years, Hannah Arendt and the Limits of Total Domination: The Holocaust, Plurality, and Resistance, critically engages with Arendt’s understanding of totalitarianism. According to Arendt, the main goal of totalitarianism was total domination; namely, the virtual eradication of human legality, morality, individuality, and plurality. This attempt, in her view, was most fully realized in the concentration camps, which served as the major "laboratories" for the regime. While Arendt focused on the perpetrators’ logic and drive, Michal Aharony examines the perspectives and experiences of the victims and their ability to resist such an experiment. The first book-length study to juxtapose Arendt’s concept of total domination with actual testimonies of Holocaust survivors, this book calls for methodological pluralism and the integration of the voices and narratives of the actors in the construction of political concepts and theoretical systems. To achieve this, Aharony engages with both well-known and non-canonical intellectuals and writers who survived Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. Additionally, she analyzes the oral testimonies of survivors who are largely unknown, drawing from interviews conducted in Israel and in the U.S., as well as from videotaped interviews from archives around the world. Revealing various manifestations of unarmed resistance in the camps, this study demonstrates the persistence of morality and free agency even under the most extreme and de-humanizing conditions, while cautiously suggesting that absolute domination is never as absolute as it claims or wishes to be. Scholars of political philosophy, political science, history, and Holocaust studies will find this an original and compelling book.
Wit, humor, and warmth permeate the stories in this collection. Here are more than 50 traditional folktales from the people of Poland, ranging from animal and humorous tales to why stories, tales of magic and the supernatural, and local legends. In addition, you'll find riddles, nursery rhymes, games and activities, recipes, and background information on the land, the people, and the stories-all enhanced by maps and handsome color photos and illustrations. A wonderful addition to the folklore collection, this book provides material that folklorists will wish to study, storytellers will be eager to share with their audiences, and educators will want explore with their students. A delicious assortment of folktales from Poland awaits you in this appealing collection. More than 50 tales range from local legends, animal tales, and magic tales to religious legends, stories of demons and supernatural creatures, humorous tales, and how and why tales-exemplifying the Polish spirit, character, and sense of humor. In addition, you'll find historical background; directions for traditional games, crafts, recipes; and color photographs that depict the people, the land, and the traditions of this fascinating country.
This book delivers a definite and compact knowledge on how hybridization can help improving the quality of computer classification systems. In order to make readers clearly realize the knowledge of hybridization, this book primarily focuses on introducing the different levels of hybridization and illuminating what problems we will face with as dealing with such projects. In the first instance the data and knowledge incorporated in hybridization were the action points, and then a still growing up area of classifier systems known as combined classifiers was considered. This book comprises the aforementioned state-of-the-art topics and the latest research results of the author and his team from Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Wroclaw University of Technology, including as classifier based on feature space splitting, one-class classification, imbalance data, and data stream classification.
Stable Lévy processes and related stochastic processes play an important role in stochastic modelling in applied sciences, in particular in financial mathematics. This book is about the potential theory of stable stochastic processes. It also deals with related topics, such as the subordinate Brownian motions (including the relativistic process) and Feynman–Kac semigroups generated by certain Schrödinger operators. The authors focus on classes of stable and related processes that contain the Brownian motion as a special case. This is the first book devoted to the probabilistic potential theory of stable stochastic processes, and, from the analytical point of view, of the fractional Laplacian. The introduction is accessible to non-specialists and provides a general presentation of the fundamental objects of the theory. Besides recent and deep scientific results the book also provides a didactic approach to its topic, as all chapters have been tested on a wide audience, including young mathematicians at a CNRS/HARP Workshop, Angers 2006. The reader will gain insight into the modern theory of stable and related processes and their potential analysis with a theoretical motivation for the study of their fine properties.
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