When the U.S. Supreme Court announces a decision, reporters simplify and dramatize the complex legal issues by highlighting dissenting opinions and thus emphasizing conflict among the justices themselves. This often sensationalistic coverage fosters public controversy over specific rulings despite polls which show that Americans strongly believe in the Court’s legitimacy as an institution. In The Limits of Legitimacy, Michael A. Zilis illuminates this link between case law and public opinion. Drawing on a diverse array of sources and methods, he employs case studies of eminent domain decisions, analysis of media reporting, an experiment to test how volunteers respond to media messages, and finally the natural experiment of the controversy over the Affordable Care Act, popularly known as Obamacare. Zilis finds that the media tends not to quote from majority opinions. However, the greater the division over a particular ruling among the justices themselves, the greater the likelihood that the media will criticize that ruling, characterize it as "activist," and employ inflammatory rhetoric. Hethen demonstrates that the media’s portrayal of a decision, as much as the substance of the decision itself, influences citizens’ reactions to and acceptance of it. This meticulously constructed study and its persuasively argued conclusion advance the understanding of the media, judicial politics, political institutions, and political behavior.
Fully revised and updated with the best new cultivars The lush, sculptural hosta is loved by gardeners for its ability to both combine well with other plants and project a strong presence when planted alone. The New Encyclopedia of Hostas—the second edition of Diana Grenfell and Michael Shadrack's classic work—provides growth and cultivation information for seven hundred cultivated hostas. Detailed, easy-to-read descriptions include growing tips, recommendations for landscape use, and suggestions for companion plants. Clear cultivation advice is provided, including recommendations for hostas that succeed in challenging environments, such as the warmer regions of the United States. Captivating photographs show hostas up close and in a wide range of different garden situations.
The American legal system is experiencing a period of extreme stress, if not crisis, as it seems to be losing its legitimacy with at least some segments of its constituency. Nowhere is this legitimacy deficit more apparent than in a portion of the African American community in the U.S., as incidents of police killing black suspects - whether legally justified or not - have become almost routine. However, this legitimacy deficit has largely been documented through anecdotal evidence and a steady drumbeat of journalistic reports, not rigorous scientific research. This book offers an all-inclusive account of how and why African Americans differ in their willingness to ascribe legitimacy to legal institutions, as well as in their willingness to accept the policy decisions those institutions promulgate. Based on two nationally-representative samples of African Americans, this book ties together four dominant theories of public opinion: Legitimacy Theory, Social Identity Theory, theories of adulthood political socialization and learning through experience, and information processing theories. The findings reveal a gaping chasm in legal legitimacy between black and white Americans. More importantly, black people themselves differ in their perceptions of legal legitimacy. Group identities and experiences with legal authorities play a crucial role in shaping whether and how black people extend legitimacy to the legal institutions that so much affect them. This book is one of the most comprehensive analyses produced to date of legal legitimacy within the American black community, with many surprising and counter-intuitive results.
The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality in the American Judiciary presents a comprehensive, first of its kind examination of the importance of interpersonal relationships among judges for judicial decisionmaking and legal development. Regarding decisionmaking, the authors demonstrate that more frequent interpersonal contact among judges diminishes the role of ideology in judicial decisionmaking to the point where it is both substantively and statistically imperceptible. This finding stands in stark contrast to judicial decisionmaking accounts that present ideology as an unwavering determinant of judicial choice. With regard to legal development, the book shows that collegiality affects both the language that judges use to express their disagreement with one another and the precedents they choose to support their arguments. Thus, the overriding argument of The Elevator Effect is that collegiality affects nearly every aspect of judicial behavior. The authors draw on an impressive and unique original collection of data since the American founding to untangle the relationship between judges' interpersonal relationships and the law they produce. The Elevator Effect presents a clear and highly readable narrative backed by analysis of judicial behavior throughout the U.S. federal judicial hierarchy to demonstrate that the institutional structure in which judges operate substantially tempers judicial behavior"--
Written opinions are the primary means by which judges communicate with external actors. These sentiments include the parties to the case itself, but also more broadly journalists, public officials, lawyers, other judges, and increasingly, the mass public. In Creating the Law, Michael K. Romano and Todd A. Curry examine the extent to which judges tailor their language in order to avoid retribution during their retention, and how institutional variations involving intra-chamber dynamics may influence the written word of a legal opinion. Using an extensive dataset that includes the text of all death penalty and education decisions issued by state supreme courts from 1995–2010, Romano and Curry are the first to examine the connection between retention incentives and language choices. They utilize text analysis techniques developed in the field of communications and apply them to the text of judicial decisions. In doing so, they find that judges write with their audience in mind, and emphasize duelling strategies of justification and persuasion in order to please diverse audiences that may be paying attention. Furthermore, the process of drafting a majority opinion is a team exercise, and when more individuals are involved in its crafting, the product will reflect this complexity. This book gives students the tools for understanding how institutional variation affects judicial outcomes and shows how language relates to decision-making in the judiciary more specifically.
Social scientists have convincingly documented soaring levels of political, legal, economic, and social inequality in the United States. Missing from this picture of rampant inequality, however, is any attention to the significant role of state law and courts in establishing policies that either ameliorate or exacerbate inequality. In Judging Inequality, political scientists James L. Gibson and Michael J. Nelson demonstrate the influential role of the fifty state supreme courts in shaping the widespread inequalities that define America today, focusing on court-made public policy on issues ranging from educational equity and adequacy to LGBT rights to access to justice to worker’s rights. Drawing on an analysis of an original database of nearly 6,000 decisions made by over 900 judges on 50 state supreme courts over a quarter century, Judging Inequality documents two ways that state high courts have crafted policies relevant to inequality: through substantive policy decisions that fail to advance equality and by rulings favoring more privileged litigants (typically known as “upperdogs”). The authors discover that whether court-sanctioned policies lead to greater or lesser inequality depends on the ideologies of the justices serving on these high benches, the policy preferences of their constituents (the people of their state), and the institutional structures that determine who becomes a judge as well as who decides whether those individuals remain in office. Gibson and Nelson decisively reject the conventional theory that state supreme courts tend to protect underdog litigants from the wrath of majorities. Instead, the authors demonstrate that the ideological compositions of state supreme courts most often mirror the dominant political coalition in their state at a given point in time. As a result, state supreme courts are unlikely to stand as an independent force against the rise of inequality in the United States, instead making decisions compatible with the preferences of political elites already in power. At least at the state high court level, the myth of judicial independence truly is a myth. Judging Inequality offers a comprehensive examination of the powerful role that state supreme courts play in shaping public policies pertinent to inequality. This volume is a landmark contribution to scholarly work on the intersection of American jurisprudence and inequality, one that essentially rewrites the “conventional wisdom” on the role of courts in America’s democracy.
When the U.S. Supreme Court announces a decision, reporters simplify and dramatize the complex legal issues by highlighting dissenting opinions and thus emphasizing conflict among the justices themselves. This often sensationalistic coverage fosters public controversy over specific rulings despite polls which show that Americans strongly believe in the Court’s legitimacy as an institution. In The Limits of Legitimacy, Michael A. Zilis illuminates this link between case law and public opinion. Drawing on a diverse array of sources and methods, he employs case studies of eminent domain decisions, analysis of media reporting, an experiment to test how volunteers respond to media messages, and finally the natural experiment of the controversy over the Affordable Care Act, popularly known as Obamacare. Zilis finds that the media tends not to quote from majority opinions. However, the greater the division over a particular ruling among the justices themselves, the greater the likelihood that the media will criticize that ruling, characterize it as "activist," and employ inflammatory rhetoric. Hethen demonstrates that the media’s portrayal of a decision, as much as the substance of the decision itself, influences citizens’ reactions to and acceptance of it. This meticulously constructed study and its persuasively argued conclusion advance the understanding of the media, judicial politics, political institutions, and political behavior.
The world’s leading expert on Lean Six Sigma provides the missing link for reducing waste and taking operations to the next level: Artificial Intelligence“Whatever the industry, there is an executive with the grit and determination to apply AI to attain the fastest growth, the highest investment returns, to dominate that industry. The only question is: will it be you?” –from Lean Six Sigma in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceCombine the power of AI and LSS to seize the competitive advantage—quickly, decisively, and permanentlySince 2001, business leaders have been using Lean Six Sigma (LSS) to drive improvements across industries, enabling their companies to reduce cycle time and waste, thus improving revenue and profits. Now they can finally unlock their company’s full potential by combining LSS and AI. In Lean Six Sigma in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, the world’s most respected expert on LSS, Michael L. George, Sr., shows how to harness the power of the technology that promises changing everything as we know it—Artificial Intelligence—to dramatically enhance any LSS management program. This game-changing guide takes you through the process of using AI to unlock maximum speed, solve complex manufacturing challenges, reduce waste, increase company profits, and ultimately outflank your competition at every turn. With Lean Six Sigma in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, you’ll take this revolutionary approach to its limits—and that will make all the difference between business success and failure in the coming decades.
야훼 (여호와, 하나님)의 말씀에 신비, 또는 비밀이 없다고 하거나, 토라 율법이 죽었다고 말하거나, 하나님의 계획이 세상의 파멸을 포함하고 있다고 말하는 사람이 있다면, 그 사람은 정말 잘못 알고 있는 것입니다. 하나님의 말씀과 심지어는 단순한 단어의 정의 단계에서도 너무도 많은 오역과 무지를 찾아볼 수 있습니다. 이러한 문제들의 근원은 다음과 같은 율법의 기초를 돌아보지 않는데 있습니다: 초기 교회 가르침에 대한 이해, 히브리 근원과 언어로부터의 토라 율법 해석, 신비, 비밀, 그리고 우리가 신약에 대한 사실들을 발견하는데 사용된 방법인 비유와 같은 하나님의 감추어진 언어에 대한 인지. 왕국에 대한 보다 깊고 감추어진 가르침을 배우기 위해서는 성전의 지성소, 곧 창조의 패턴이 감추어진 휘장 너머로 접근을 할수 있어야 합니다. 우리가 휘장을 넘어서게 되면, 하나님의 계획에 대한 원래 의도를 분명하게 알게 됩니다: 그것은 왕같은 대제사장으로 불린 사람들, 성전, 정원, 새 예루살렘, 왕국의 아들과 살아계신 하나님의 말씀들과 같은 창조물의 복원인 것입니다. 지성소에 대한 접근은 올바른 이해를 가지고 살아있는 율법이 공개될 때에 이루어질 수 있습니다. 계시 - 종말, 휘장의 제거-를 통해서 영광 회복을 위한 하나님의 신성한 계획이 이해되기 시작합니다. 휘장 너머로 한걸음 들어가서 다가오는 우리의 위대한 창조주의 영광을 보도록 하십시요.
With the predictions of the Sanctus Germanus Prophecies Volume 1 coming to pass, the present Volume 2 concentrates on the lightbearer's role during the post-2012 Earth changes and reconstruction effort. Lightbearers are today's Bodhisattvas, thousands of advanced initiates and past luminaries of earth, who have reincarnated to help mankind through this period of great change and turmoil. The Sanctus Germanus Prophecies, Volume 2 is a practical guide for the lightbearer to situate his or her place in the grand scheme of things and prepare for the coming challenges.
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