Lord Michael Spicer has enjoyed a varied and remarkable political career by anyone's standards. Now, in this revealing, insightful, and engaging book, Lord Spicer shares never-before-heard stories of his time in British politics. During three and a half decades as a Conservative Member of Parliament, Spicer has held a plethora of essential political roles both within the party and in government, including Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and chair of the highly influential 1922 committee. As an influential member of the Tory party, Lord Spicer worked closely with both Margaret Thatcher and David Cameron, among other leaders in British politics, including Tony Blair and John Major, and his diary takes readers behind the scenes to witness the close elections and tough decisions that have characterized Spicer's political life. Part political diary, part cautionary tale, and part commentary, The Spicer Diaries is a charming, witty, and insightful memoir.
Grant offers a study of the primary historians of Greece and Rome, discussing the works and methods of the founders of the historical discipline. These philosophers studied history as a moral discipline that bears meaningfully not only on the past but on future human conduct.
It is today widely accepted that we do not get the whole truth from any historian. Greek and Roman Historians considers the work of ancient historians such as Herotudus, Tacitus and Thucydides in the the light of this attitude. In an enlightening new study, Michael Grant argues that misinformation, even deliberate disinformation, is abundant in their writings. Grant, one of the world's greatest writers of ancient history, suggests new ways of reading and interpreting the ancient historians which maximise their usefulness as source material. He demonstrates how the evidence they provide can be augmented by the use of other, literary and non-literary, sources. Greek and Roman Historians shows us how we can use written history to learn about the ancient world, even if our conclusions are not those its historians intended. The author argues that their work remains our most important source of information, once we have learned to question and incorporate their imperfect regard for the truth. Grant's account is an indispensible guide to the sources and their interpretation for all students of ancient history.
Widely acknowledged as the essential reference work for this period, this volume brings together more than 700 articles written by 150 top scholars that cover the people, places, activities, and creations of the Anglo-Saxons. The only reference work to cover the history, archaeology, arts, architecture, literatures, and languages of England from the Roman withdrawal to the Norman Conquest (c.450 – 1066 AD) Includes over 700 alphabetical entries written by 150 top scholars covering the people, places, activities, and creations of the Anglo-Saxons Updated and expanded with 40 brand-new entries and a new appendix detailing "English Archbishops and Bishops, c.450-1066" Accompanied by maps, line drawings, photos, a table of "English Rulers, c.450-1066," and a headword index to facilitate searching An essential reference tool, both for specialists in the field, and for students looking for a thorough grounding in key topics of the period
Shortlisted for DSBA Law Book of the Year Award 2020 The law in Ireland regarding causes of action involving the internet is a rapidly growing area of law and litigation. This book examines issues such as privacy, data protection, defamation, data protection, crime, intellectual property and employment, all through the prism of online behaviour. This book examines key pieces of legislation such as the E-Commerce Directive, GDPR, and Defamation Act 2009; forthcoming legislation such as the Digital Content Directive and proposed Irish legislation to combat harmful online content. With Ireland being the European base of many international IT and tech firms such as Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, Amazon and Twitter, it is anticipated that the Irish courts will be the forum for many important cases in the near future. Internet Law provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the law in Ireland, EU Member States, and other common law countries such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand. And in such a fast-developing area of law, the book also anticipates many of the issues that will face courts in the near future. Key cases that this book considers include: Data protection: Google Spain [2014] – an in depth review of what exactly this case established, and the manner in which it has been interpreted in subsequent case law. Lloyd v Google [2019] – in which the English Court of Appeal made a significant finding about the availability of damages for non-pecuniary loss arising from the breach of a person's data protection rights. Defamation: Monroe v Hopkins [2017] - the first UK case to consider at length defamation on Twitter, with an in-depth analysis of meaning, identification and how to assess the degree of publication via that medium. Eva Glawischnig-Piesczech v Facebook [2019] – a significant recent decision of the CJEU on the liability of social media platforms for content posted by its users. Copyright: Sony Music v UPC [2018] - a Court of Appeal judgment on the duties of internet service providers to restrict the illegal downloading of copyright material by its customers. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen v Renckhoff [2018] - a recent decision of the CJEU on the nature of copyright protection attaching to photographs which are uploaded to the internet. Trade Marks: Interflora Inc v Marks and Spencer plc [2011] - a decision of the CJEU which analyses the rights of an advertiser to use the trade mark of a rival company when promoting its services on the Google Ads service. Employment: Barbulescu v Romania [2017] - a significant CJEU decision which sets out the restrictions to an employer's right to monitor the electronic communications of its employees. Privacy/ Harassment: CG v Facebook [2016], in which the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal considered the tort of harassment via social media, and the potential liability of Facebook for comments made by a user following notification of the alleged harassment. Evidence: Martin & Ors v Gabriele Giambrone P/A Giambrone & Law [2013]- one of several cases to consider the admissibility of evidence taken by a defendant from a plaintiff's social media account in order to question the latter's testimony.
The first edition of The English Chamber Organ was published in 1968. This new, revised edition takes into account the considerable research into chamber organs that has taken place over the last thirty years. Much of the book has been completely rewritten and expanded, and it includes a number of organs not detailed in the first edition. As its revised title suggests, this new edition covers foreign-make imports as well as British-made organs that were sent overseas. Part one comprises a series of chapters that cover the history of the chamber organ, its origins and development. Part two provides a general introduction to the construction of organs, while part three gives detailed descriptions of 196 British chamber organs, with information on their location, specifications, design, and suggestions for further reading. As a domestic instrument the chamber organ was often perceived to be as much a piece of furniture as an item of musical equipment. The Chamber Organ in Britain offers an assessment of the organ as both a musical instrument and as a decorative icon.
In this gripping, previously untold story from World War II, Michael Smith examines how code breakers cracked Japan’s secret codes and won the war in the Pacific. He also takes the reader step by step through the process, explaining exactly how the code breakers went about their daunting task—made even more difficult by the vast linguistic differences between Japanese and English. The Emperor’s Codes moves across the world from Bletchley Park to Pearl Harbor, from Singapore to Colombo, and from Mombasa to Melbourne. It tells the stories of John Tiltman, the British soldier turned code breaker who made many of the early breaks in Japanese diplomatic and military codes; Commander Joe Rochedort, the leading expert on Japanese in U.S. naval intelligence; Eric Nave, the Australian sailor who pioneered breakthroughs in deciphering Japanese naval codes; and Oshima Hiroshi, the hard-drinking Japanese ambassador to Berlin whose candid, often verbose reports to Tokyo of his conversations with Hitler and other high-ranking Nazis were a major source of intelligence in the war against Germany. Without the dedication demonstrated by these relatively unsung heroes, the outcome of World War II might have been very different.
While many textbooks explain the techniques of CBT, few fully explore the issues surrounding their application in real-life practice. This unique book comes to the rescue of anyone struggling with the challenges of practising CBT, whether you are a trainee working under supervision or a qualified practitioner. It examines key obstacles, issues and difficulties encountered over the course of the therapy, illustrated with extensive case examples. Learning objectives, practice exercises and further reading lists help you engage with and relate the issues to your own practice. Acknowledging that people are more complex than just the presenting disorder, the authors consider questions around: o Good practice in assessment and case formulation o The challenge of diagnosis o Key client issues, such as guilt and shame, perfectionism, and inability to tolerate storing feeling o The therapeutic relationship o Organisational factors. This succinct and accessible guide throws a lifebelt to any CBT trainee or therapist struggling under the realities of today′s psychotherapy and counselling practice, particularly within NHS settings.
Why are there so many different churches?" Tracing the family tree of the modern church back to the early Christian centuries, The Extended Family explains how and why the various Christian denominations arose. It outlines the distinctive beliefs, traditions, practices, and values of the many church families in modern Britain, what they have in common, and where they have either disagreed or agreed to differ. It also examines the vital question: whether any of the differences between churches should still matter today.
Drawing on sources from archaeology and written texts, the author brings out the full significance of trees in both pagan and Christian Anglo-Saxon religion.
The broad spectrum of hydrologic responses to earthquakes offers a better understanding of the earth's hydrologic system at a scale which is otherwise unachievable; it has also allowed field testing of several long-standing hypotheses which may impact on our understanding of some earthquake-induced hazards. The book is based on a graduate course on Earthquake Hydrology at Berkeley jointly offered by the authors in the past few years. It begins with an introduction of the basic materials to form a basis for understanding the chapters which follow. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field to interested readers and beginning researchers, and a convenient reference to numerous publications currently scattered in various journals.
In this innovative analytical account of the place of emotion and embodiment in nineteenth-century British surgery, Michael Brown examines the changing emotional dynamics of surgical culture for both surgeons and patients from the pre-anaesthetic era through the introduction of anaesthesia and antisepsis techniques. Drawing on diverse archival and published sources, Brown explores how an emotional regime of Romantic sensibility, in which emotions played a central role in the practice and experience of surgery, was superseded by one of scientific modernity, in which the emotions of both patient and practitioner were increasingly marginalised. Demonstrating that the cultures of contemporary surgery and the emotional identities of its practitioners have their origins in the cultural and conceptual upheavals of the later nineteenth century, this book challenges us to question our perception of the pre-anaesthetic period as an era of bloody brutality and casual cruelty. This title is also available as open access.
From the popular and highly respected Clinical Anesthesia family of titles comes a new resource that clearly and simply explains the core concepts of anesthesiology that you need to know. From physiology and pharmacology to anatomy and system-based anesthesia, it uses full-color graphics, easy-to-read tables, and clear, concise text to convey the essential principles of the field.
This fascinating selection of photographs and informative text charts the history of some of Sheffield's finest and most notorious pubs, taverns and old alehouses.
Drawing on more than 40 years of experience conducting applied social science research and program evaluation, author Michael Quinn Patton has crafted the most comprehensive and systematic book on qualitative research and evaluation methods, inquiry frameworks, and analysis options available today. Now offering more balance between applied research and evaluation, this Fourth Edition illuminates all aspects of qualitative inquiry through new examples, stories, and cartoons; more than a hundred new summarizing and synthesizing exhibits; and a wide range of new highlight sections/sidebars that elaborate on important and emergent issues. For the first time, full case studies are included to illustrate extended research and evaluation examples. In addition, each chapter features an extended "rumination," written in a voice and style more emphatic and engaging than traditional textbook style, about a core issue of persistent debate and controversy.
In this thoroughly revised and updated third edition, Michael Blakeney investigates the European laws which regulate the use of geographical indications (GIs) in the marketing of agricultural products, food, wines and spirits, and cultural products such as handicrafts. Key updates include new material exploring the 2023 Regulation on GIs for craft and industrial products, and the protection of wine GIs under the Common Organisation of Agricultural Markets (CMO).
This study is a revised version of my doctoral dissertation at the Economics Department of the University of Munich. I want to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to some people who have helped me in my work. My greatest thanks go to the supervisor of this dissertation, Professor Claude Billinger. Bis ideas have formed the basis of my work. Be permanently sup ported it with a host of ideas, criticism and encouragement. Furthermore, he provided a stimulating research environment at SEMECON. This study would not have been possible in this form without the help of my present and former colleagues at SEMECON. I am indebted to Rudolf Kohne-Volland, Monika Sebold-Bender and Ulrich Woitek for providing soft ware and guidance for the data analysis. Discussions with them and with Thilo Weser have helped me to take many hurdles, particularly in the early stages of the project. My sincere thanks go to them all. I had the opportunity to present a former version of my growth model at a workshop of Professor Klaus Zimmermann. I want to thank all the parti cipants for their helpful comments. I also acknowledge critical and constructive comments from an anonymous referee. Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part I. Methodology 1. Importance of Stylized Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1 Limitations of statistical testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2 Evaluating economic models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 11 . . . . . . 2. Further Methodological Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 13 . . . . . .
We are all familiar with the stories of what happened at the first Christmas and Easter--or are we? The Crib, the Cross and the Crown strips away the wrapping-paper of tradition and folk-lore from the stories of the birth and death of Jesus Christ, and takes a fresh look at what the Gospels themselves say. It describes the real Jesus of the New Testament, and reflects on the ways in which the recurring themes in his story can shape our own lives and faith.
This book presents and describes an innovative method to simulate the growth of natural fractural networks in different geological environments, based on their geological history and fundamental geomechanical principles. The book develops techniques to simulate the growth and interaction of large populations of layer-bound fracture directly, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and subcritical propagation theory. It demonstrates how to use these techniques to model the nucleation, propagation and interaction of layer-bound fractures in different orientations around large scale geological structures, based on the geological history of the structures. It also explains how to use these techniques to build more accurate discrete fracture network (DFN) models at a reasonable computational cost. These models can explain many of the properties of natural fracture networks observed in outcrops, using actual outcrop examples. Finally, the book demonstrates how it can be incorporated into flow modelling workflows using subsurface examples from the hydrocarbon and geothermal industries. Modelling the Evolution of Natural Fracture Networks will be of interest to anyone curious about understanding and predicting the evolution of complex natural fracture networks across large geological structures. It will be helpful to those modelling fluid flow through fractures, or the geomechanical impact of fracture networks, in the hydrocarbon, geothermal, CO2 sequestration, groundwater and engineering industries.
This open access book explores the interactions between water and earthquakes, including recent concerns about induced seismicity. It further highlights that a better understanding of the response of the water system to disturbances such as earthquakes is needed to safeguard water resources, to shield underground waste repositories, and to mitigate groundwater contamination. Although the effects of earthquakes on streams and groundwater have been reported for thousands of years, this field has only blossomed into an active area of research in the last twenty years after quantitative and continuous documentation of field data became available. This volume gathers the important advances that have been made in the field over the past decade, which to date have been scattered in the form of research articles in various scientific journals.
This comprehensively updated 4th edition of Michael Forde's Commercial Law will ensure practitioners can continue to turn to this book for the accurate and authoritative information they require. Its chapters cover the following topics and cross-refer to the principle works on each of the subjects listed in the Table of Contents. · Michael Forde's Commercial Law has been an essential tool for law practitioners since it was first published in 1990. Now the widely updated 4th edition will ensure practitioners can continue to turn to this book for the accurate and authoritative information they require. The essential coverage includes consumer law initiatives based on EU Directives, plus significant commercial case law. It outlines the emergence of and variety in regulation regimes and deals with insolvency rules in Ireland as well as the credit union sector. Since the last edition published in 2005 this title has been updated to include the vast amount of case law in Ireland and the EU as well as relevant case law in the UK and Canada. It also deals with the following legislation: EC Services Regulations 2010 EC Late Payments in Commercial Transactions Regulations 2012 EU Payment Services Regulations 2018 EU Trade Secrets Regulations 2018 EU Trade Marks Regulations 2018 Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Law Provisions Act 2019 Intellectual Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014 Competition (Amendment) Act 2012 Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2014 EU Action for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law Regulations 2017 EU Award of Public Authorities Contracts Regulations 2016 Arbitration Act 2010 Consumer Protection Act 2017 Consumer Insurance Contracts Act 2019
This revised edition provides an up-to-date account of the many different kinds of information that can be obtained through the archaeological study of pottery. It describes the scientific and quantitative techniques that are now available to the archaeologist, and assesses their value for answering a range of archaeological questions. It provides a manual for the basic handling and archiving of excavated pottery so that it can be used as a basis for further studies. The whole is set in the historical context of the ways in which archaeologists have sought to gain evidence from pottery and continue to do so. There are case studies of several approaches and techniques, backed up by an extensive bibliography.
In response to Pastor John MacArthur's call for a "collective war," against charismatics, Dr. Michael Brown has called for unity in Jesus based on a return to the truth of the Scriptures in the fullness of the Spirit. As a charismatic biblical scholar and theologian, Dr. Brown responds to Pastor MacArthur's charges, making a biblical case for the continuation of the New Testament gifts of the Spirit and demonstrating the unique contribution to missions, theology, and worship made by the charismatic Church worldwide. He calls for an appreciation of the unique strengths and weaknesses of both cessationists and charismatics, inviting readers to experience God afresh, and he demonstrates how charismatic leaders have been addressing abuses within their own movement for decades. Dr. Brown speaks on behalf of millions who are not adequately trained to express in writing their own encounters with the supernatural power of God. - David Ravenhill I thank God for this biblically-robust, pastorally-sensitive, historicallyinformed, and graciously-articulated account of the work of the Holy Spirit in the church of Jesus Christ. - Sam Storms Dr. Michael Brown's Authentic Fire puts the brakes on John MacArthur's crusade against charismatics with irrefutable logic, extraordinary insight, Christ-like graciousness, and an undisputable handling of Scripture. - Frank Viola Michael Brown writes with clarity and courtesy as he confronts one of the most explosive issues among all those who uphold the Bible as the plumb line of truth. - David Shibley
Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts is the first publication to list every surviving manuscript or manuscript fragment written in Anglo-Saxon England between the seventh and the eleventh centuries or imported into the country during that time. Each of the 1,291 entries in Helmut Gneuss and Michael Lapidge's Bibliographical Handlist not only details the origins, contents, current location, script, and decoration of the manuscript, but also provides bibliographic entries that list facsimiles, editions, linguistic analyses, and general studies relevant to that manuscript. A general bibliography, designed to provide full details of author-date references cited in the individual entries, includes more than 4,000 items. Compiled by two of the field's greatest living scholars, the Gneuss-Lapidge Bibliographical Handlist stands to become the most important single-volume research tool to appear in the field since Greenfield and Robinson's Bibliography of Publications on Old English Literature. Their achievement in the present book will endure for many decades and serve as a catalyst for new research across several disciplines.
Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, was developed to provide a structured source of guidance and reference information on the business opportunities linked to servitization and the management of physical assets. A growing trend in the global economy, servitization focuses on the actual deliverables of an asset from the perspective of the customer: electricity instead of the power plant, thrust instead of the engine, mobility instead of a plane or a car. The book offers high-level overviews of how to servitized and manage assets from a variety of perspectives, reviewing nearly 1,500 books, magazine articles, papers and presentations and websites. Written by Michael J. Provost, Ph.D., and a subject matter expert in modeling, simulation, analysis and condition monitoring, Servitization and Physical Asset Management, third edition, is an invaluable reference to those considering providing asset management services for the products they design and manufacture. It is also meant to support middle management wishing to know what needs to be done to look after the assets they are responsible for and who to approach for help, and academics doing research in this field. Michael Provost, is a British engineer with a doctoral degree in thermal power from Cranfield University.
This book is a companion to “Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments” (Max, 2000, 2003), which is the first book on gas hydrate in this series. Although other gases can naturally form clathrate hydrates (referred to after as ‘hydrate’), we are concerned here only with hydrocarbon gases that form hydrates. The most important of these natural gases is methane. Whereas the first book is a general introduction to the subject of natural gas hydrate, this book focuses on the geology and geochemical controls of gas hydrate development and on gas extraction from naturally occurring hydrocarbon hydrates. This is the first broad treatment of gas hydrate as a natural resource within an economic geological framework. This book is written mainly to stand alone for brevity and to minimize duplication. Information in Max (2000; 2003) should also be consulted for completeness. Hydrate is a type of clathrate (Sloan, 1998) that is formed from a cage structure of water molecules in which gas molecules occupying void sites within the cages stabilize the structure through van der Waals or hydrogen bonding.
CBT is the most widely endorsed Evidence Based Treatment (EBT) for psychological disorders. This innovative volume exclusively addresses CBT Supervision, which plays a vital role in the translation of CBT from an EBT to routine practise. Supervision requires a combination of knowledge and skill – the knowledge of the appropriate CBT protocol for the situation and the skill to equip the practitioner with the competencies to deliver these protocols in the context in which they are operating. In Simply Effective CBT Supervision, Michael J. Scott provides a unique guide to the particular skills necessary to monitor the fidelity and competence with which an EBT is implemented. There is an emphasis throughout on the importance of experiential learning, with detailed transcripts of supervisor-supervisee conversations, a focus on group supervision and the management of group processes. The power differential between supervisor and supervisee is acknowledged and addressed with guidelines and safeguards that will ensure that client needs can be addressed in a spirit of collaborative empiricism, and the text also covers the importance of matching the supervisor and supervisee. The book also incorporates downloadable worksheets for supervisor and supervisee. Covering the skills necessary to be an effective CBT supervisor, this is the ideal book for current and prospective CBT supervisors looking to extend their knowledge base.
The letter to the Hebrews is arguably the most perplexing book in the New Testament. Understanding it requires familiarity with the Levitical sacrifices and Old Testament passages. Its method of argumentation can seem strange and difficult to follow. It abounds with ominous warnings about falling from grace and contains an odd cast of characters such as the mysterious Melchizedek. But for all of its confusion and mystery, one theme plainly unites the book: the supremacy of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. THE SON’S SUPREMACY will guide you passage-by-passage through the letter to the Hebrews. This first-century epistle will convict, encourage, and exhort you. Most of all, Hebrews will bring you to your knees in worship of your Priest and King.
Antifascism has received little attention compared to its enemy. No historian or social scientist has previously attempted to define its nature and history - yet antifascism became perhaps the most powerful ideology of the twentieth century. Michael Seidman fills this gap by providing the first comprehensive study of antifascisms in Spain, France, the UK, and USA, with new interpretations of the Spanish Civil War, French Popular Front, and Second World War. He shows how two types of antifascism - revolutionary and counterrevolutionary - developed from 1936 to 1945. Revolutionary antifascism dominated the Spanish Republic during its civil war and re-emerged in Eastern Europe at the end of World War II. By contrast, counterrevolutionary antifascists were hegemonic in France, Britain, and the USA. In Western Europe, they restored conservative republics or constitutional monarchies based on Enlightenment principles. This innovative examination of antifascism will interest a wide range of scholars and students of twentieth-century history.
Each of Great Britain's countries that have grown out of kingdoms, principalities, shire, fiefs, boroughs, and parishes has its own special flavor. This derives from Britain's landscape, its resources and its history, all which have shaped its peoples, too. For more information about Great Britain's history, castles, gardens, restaurants, tours, national parks, stately homes and cathedrals look to Eyewitness Travel Great Britain. Annually revised and updated with beautiful new photos and illustrations this guide includes information on local customs, currency, medical services, and transportation. Consistently chosen over the competition in national consumer market research. The best keeps getting better!
Main headings: I. Basic concepts of pulsatile arterial hemodynamics. - II. Pathophysiological mechanisms. - III. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, cardiovascular risk and end-organ damage. - IV. Clinical aspects of arterial stiffness and wave reflections. - V. Therapeutic aspects of arterial stiffness and wave reflections.
This book is written as both a text and a reference book. It contains numerous images from the biological sciences and clinical practice, tables, graphs, and fig ures, as well as exercises that are worked out to aid the reader in understanding principles or solving problems. In some cases, derivations are placed in appen dices so as not to break up the flow of the subject matter in the text. The book is intended for a broad audience interested in molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). It is expected that the readers will range from undergraduate, graduate, and medical students to residents, physi cians, and scientists with backgrounds from various physical, biological, and medical specialty areas. Each chapter presents material in a straightforward man ner that is well illustrated and explained. Because of the diverse audience for the book, certain chapters or sections of chapters will be of more interest than oth ers to certain segments of the readership. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental physics upon which PET imaging sys tems is based and discusses in detail the technologies and methods used to pro duce PET images. The chapter starts out by reviewing the physics of positron emission and annihilation and explains how positron range and photon non colinearity in coincidence detection place certain limits on spatial resolution.
The belief that Jesus died for us, suffering the wrath of his own Father in our place, has been the wellspring of hope for countless Christians through the ages. However, with an increasing number of theologians, church leaders, and even popular Christian books and magazines questioning this doctrine, which naysayers have described as a form of "cosmic child abuse," a fresh articulation and affirmation of penal substitution is needed. And Jeffery, Ovey, and Sach have responded here with clear exposition and analysis. They make the case not only that the doctrine is clearly taught in Scripture, but that it has an impeccable pedigree and a central place in Christian theology, and that its neglect has serious consequences. The authors also systematically analyze over twenty specific objections that have been brought against penal substitution and charitably but firmly offer a defining declaration of the doctrine of the cross for any concerned reader.
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