This book develops allocation mechanisms that aim to ensure an efficient resource allocation in modern IT-services. Recent methods of artificial intelligence, such as neural networks and reinforcement learning, and nature-oriented optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, are advanced and applied to allocation processes in distributed IT-infrastructures, or grid systems.
Avec la realisation en cours des predictions du Tome 1 des Propheties de Sanctus Germanus, le Tome 2 se concentre sur le role du porteur de lumiere pendant les changements terrestres et l'effort de reconstruction apres 2012. Les porteurs de lumiere sont les bodhisattvas d'aujourd'hui, des milliers d'inities avances et de luminaires du passe de la Terre, reincarnes pour aider l'humanite a passer a travers cette periode d'agitation et de grands changements. Les Propheties de Sanctus Germanus, Tome 2 est un guide pratique pour le porteur de lumiere, lui permettant de se situer dans le grand Plan et de se preparer aux defis a venir.
Con las predicciones del Volumen 1 de Las Profecias de Sanctus Germanus ocurriendo, el Volumen 2 se concentra en el papel del portador de luz durante los cambios de la Tierra y el esfuerzo de reconstruccion posteriores al 2012. Los portadores de luz son los Bodhisattvas de hoy en dia, miles de iniciados avanzados y luminarias pasadas de la tierra, quienes han reencarnado para ayudar a la humanidad a traves de este periodo de gran cambio y agitacion. Las Profecias de Sanctus Germanus, Volumen 2 es una guia practica para que el portador de luz se situe en su lugar dentro del gran esquema de cosas y se prepare para los retos venideros.
It has been estimated that over a billion people are using or learning English as a second or foreign language, and the numbers are growing not only for English but for other languages as well. These language learners provide a burgeoning market for tools that help identify and correct learners' writing errors. Unfortunately, the errors targeted by typical commercial proofreading tools do not include those aspects of a second language that are hardest to learn. This volume describes the types of constructions English language learners find most difficult -- constructions containing prepositions, articles, and collocations. It provides an overview of the automated approaches that have been developed to identify and correct these and other classes of learner errors in a number of languages. Error annotation and system evaluation are particularly important topics in grammatical error detection because there are no commonly accepted standards. Chapters in the book describe the options available to researchers, recommend best practices for reporting results, and present annotation and evaluation schemes. The final chapters explore recent innovative work that opens new directions for research. It is the authors' hope that this volume will contribute to the growing interest in grammatical error detection by encouraging researchers to take a closer look at the field and its many challenging problems. Table of Contents: Introduction / History of Automated Grammatical Error Detection / Special Problems of Language Learners / Language Learner Data / Evaluating Error Detection Systems / Article and Preposition Errors / Collocation Errors / Different Approaches for Different Errors / Annotating Learner Errors / New Directions / Conclusion
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