PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Traces the history of the Constitution and how it came into being, exploring how it has weathered past crises, how it effectively helps us govern our nation, and the current threats to the constitutional process.
From my home in San Juan, a lovely sector of central Tibas, situated just north of San Jose, Costa Rica, while the candle flickers I commence the writing of these varied glimpses. Warning! What you are about to read are personal memoirs! They are much to do about self. They amount to a large group of random thoughts, sporadic observations. I always feel I am somehow supposed to write my thoughts down what a big ego I must have because (I like to think that) if you put them all together, they form a loose-knit way of seeing the world. They are a part of my worldview. Everyone has one of these whats your view of the world look like? I am going to be a world philosopher when I grow up, you see. That is what my intention is, since I have always been preoccupied with how to see things, how to process things. How odd is life anyway. Thats why my interest in philosophy to figure out the oddness of life. Normally, I think philosophy can be pretty dry and boring. But, for me, its terribly exciting. In this book, what you are about to delve into will resemble the form of an ongoing story. It will consist of a sequence of six weeks of shadows and lights (i.e. days and nights). After that time, wherever I am at with it, I will stop, and simply and abruptly start to write another book about something else I know not what. Here though, I will (I suspect) be sharing with you a series of ideas, dreams, fears, logical thoughts, illogical thoughts, wonderings, wanderings and general psychobabble. I say that because I intend to impart thoughts and ideas about whatever might be in my ongoing existence in being. This could be anything, I assure youas of course it could be for anyone. Exactly what will appear in the pages that represent the next six weeks of my life, I do not have any idea that, for me, is going to be much of the fun of writing it!
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