Volume 2 picks up the story of Macedonia from the triumph of Ottoman rule in Macedonia, and the consequent insertion of Islam into the Balkans. This led not only to protracted rivalry between Islam and Christianity, but also to the introduction of both variants of Islam, Sunni and Shia. As elsewhere, this gave rise to periodic upheavals when Shia factions tried to challenge the authority of the Sunni Ottoman State. Sunni – Shia tensions have never quite disappeared in Macedonia. Later topics include the violent but incompetent Macedonian struggle against Ottoman rule between 1878 and 1909, Macedonian involvement in the Balkan Wars and World War I, the demographic upheavals of the period, and the renewed Bulgarian insurgency against Yugoslavia between the World Wars. Macedonia’s half-hearted involvement in World War II, and the Communist insurgency in Greece in 1944–49 left a lingering legacy of fear and distrust that even today colours the attitudes of the Greeks towards their Macedonian neighbours. The book also reviews the less-than-admirable history of Mount Athos in its decadence during the modern and contemporary periods. Communist rule between 1944 and 1990, much neglected in research on Macedonia, is treated in its own chapter, which explains the imposition of Communism and its eventual abandonment in response to its utter developmental failure. The collapse of Communism also led to the fragmentation of the former Yugoslavia – a protracted and murderous affair, from which the Macedonians were lucky to escape lightly. The final chapter is devoted to the travails of the insecure new Macedonian Republic. Though the Republic traces its (alleged) origin to the ancient Macedonian kingdom, it only achieved statehood in 1991 by a historical accident. It was immediately embroiled with Greece over the question of its identity and of its very existence. Both volumes throw light on this piece of unfinished political business, and the ways in which Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria have sought to misuse their historical experience to justify their conflicting claims on the territory.
Places emphasis on policy decision-making in Greece in the 1940s which resulted in an extraordinary long fifty months hyperinflation. Throughout the entire period, the government of Greece was financed mainly from seigniorage, and barely at all from fiscal taxation. The author asks how this was contrived over so long a period without destroying the tax-base afforded by the transactions demanded for flat money. The book is, however, far more than an extended analysis of monetary economics. Rather it explores the history and structural basis for the policies pursued by the occupation and liberation governments of Greece, and their interactions with the policies of the Axis and later, British authorities. For sources, the work draws heavily not only on the existing literature, but also on the Bank of England and British Treasury papers of the period. Dr Michael Palairet is a lecturer at Department of Economic and Social History, University of Edinburgh.
This deeply informed book traces the dramatic history of early Soviet-western relations after World War I. Michael Jabara Carley provides a lively exploration of the formative years of Soviet foreign policy making after the Bolshevik Revolution, especially focusing on Soviet relations with the West during the 1920s. Carley demonstrates beyond doubt that this seminal period—termed the “silent conflict” by one Soviet diplomat—launched the Cold War. He shows that Soviet-western relations, at best grudging and mistrustful, were almost always hostile. Concentrating on the major western powers—Germany, France, Great Britain, and the United States—the author also examines the ongoing political upheaval in China that began with the May Fourth Movement in 1919 as a critical influence on western-Soviet relations. Carley draws on twenty-five years of research in recently declassified Soviet and western archives to present an authoritative history of the foreign policy of the Soviet state. From the earliest days of the Bolshevik Revolution, deeply anti-communist western powers attempted to overthrow the newly formed Soviet government. As the weaker party, Soviet Russia waged war when it had to, but it preferred negotiations and agreements with the West rather than armed confrontation. Equally embattled by internal struggles for power after the death of V. I. Lenin, the Soviet government was torn between its revolutionary ideals and the pragmatic need to come to terms with its capitalist adversaries. The West too had its ideologues and pragmatists. This illuminating window into the overt and covert struggle and ultimate standoff between the USSR and the West during the 1920s will be invaluable for all readers interested in the formative years of the Cold War.
If in the library of your house you do not have the works of the ancient Greek writers then you have a house with no light' -George Bernard Shaw There is so much in the modern world which has its origins in Greece, most notably language and literature. As Shelley once said, 'We are all Greeks'. This small, rugged, sea-girt country has the longest written history in Europe. Her myths and legends, so deeply embedded in Western consciousness, and her sublime landscapes, so infused with history, have been muse for writers, artists and travellers for millennia. Travelling from Athens to the scattered islands of the Ionian and Aegean seas, the words of literary titans in the West echo through the centuries: from Homer and Plato to Byron, Flaubert and Twain; Henry Miller to John Fowles; the Durrells to Patrick Leigh Fermor and Cavafy, Kazantzakis and Seferis. Their luminous portraits of Greece - poignant, provocative, always entertaining - enrich our own experiences of the country and shed light on a dramatic and often tragic past.
In February 1941, HMAS Sydney, a glamour ship of the Royal Australian Navy in World War II, returned from the Mediterranean to a tumultuous welcome in Australia. The Sydney had crowned her service in that theatre of operations with the Royal Navy by sinking the Italian ship Bartolomeo Colleoni, described as the fastest cruiser in the world. Nine months later the Sydney had disappeared off the coast of Western Australia following an action against the German raider Kormoran. Three hundred and eight men from the Kormoran were eventually requested, but the Sydney's entire complement of six hundred and forty-five men was lost, making her the largest ship in the whole course of the War to go down with all hands. Survivors from the Kormoran at first talked of rowing towards her in the hope of being picked up and then seeing her blow up, but when they were reunited with their officers their story began to change.... In Who Sank The Sydney Michael Montgomery has pieced together hundreds if items of evidence gathered in four years research to provide solutions to the hitherto unanswered questions surrounding what the American historian Hanson Baldwin has described as 'the most curious incident of the seas'. Why were there no survivors from the Sydney and how did all trace of the cruiser disappear so quickly? How was the raider able to destroy the much larger and much more heavily armed cruiser? Was a Japanese submarine involved? Why did the Navy disown a body found three months later in a Carley float from the Sydney? Since this book was first published in Australia in 1981 much more evidence has come to light to support Michael Montgomery's theories of a major cover-up in high places. In particular, he demonstrates that the Navy suspected the Japanese involvement almost immediately, and that on November 26ty Churchill sent Roosevelt a telegram which coursed him to break off negotiations with Japan. Pearl Harbour followed a fortnight later; was the Sydney thus the “Lusitania” of World War II?
Thanks to his discovery of a collection of scrapbooks and memorabilia, writer and filmmaker Michael Burns is able to relate for the first time the remarkable story of Surrey and England cricketer Jack Crawford. A schoolboy prodigy who took Edwardian cricket by storm, the amateur all-rounder became Surrey's youngest ever centurion and, at 19 years and 32 days, England's youngest Test player. However, a row over captaining a weakened team against the Australians led to a spectacular fallout-and a life ban by his county. Emigration to Australia ensued, where Crawford established himself as one of the world's great all-rounders; yet controversy dogged him, on and off the pitch. Having married and deserted an Adelaide teenage beauty, Crawford then dodged involvement in World War I. He returned to England to divorce, remarry and fade into middle-aged obscurity, but not before playing two of the most remarkable innings of his life.
The twentieth century has been fundamentally shaped by changes in Russia, where disaster in the First World War was followed by the fall of the Tsar. Nicholas II's replacement first by Kerensky's liberal government then by the Bolsheviks, and the subsequent Civil War and foreign intervention, led to the erection of a system of state tyranny previously unthought of. The Bolshevik regime, with its ideological hatred of other regimes, was a threat to the west where developments in Russia were watched with both horror and fascination. Britain's information about this series of extraordinary events, and about what might be about to happen next, was largely dependent on the small number of British officials, mainly diplomats, posted in Russia. Inside the Enigma gives us a view from an unusual and privileged angle of the history of Russia between the turn of the century and the beginning of the Second World War. The discomforts and privations suffered by British officials were matched by their frustration. Impenetrable Tsarist court intrigue was replaced by a wall of disinformation and suspicion after the Bolshevik seizure of power. Nevertheless, what they saw and reported makes remarkable reading.
For about a century and a half after they arrived from England, America's first permanent colonists considered themselves to be English. They were proud of their heritage and loyal to their country. England's royal family truly was the royal family of America--until the era of the American Revolution, when the colonies fought for their independence from England and its rulers. Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II, William III and Mary II, Anne, George I, George II, and George III--the English royals who were also the royals of early America--are all covered in this work. It begins with Queen Elizabeth I, as it was during her rule that Sir Walter Ralegh established his settlements in America, and ends with King George III, as it was during his rule that the American Revolution began. A biographical sketch is provided for each royal and his or her spouse and legitimate children. Brief mention is made of mistresses and illegitimate children.
This book examines the League of Nations, state-supported terrorism, and British foreign policy after the rise of Hitler in the 1930s. It argues that with strong leadership from Britain and France, the League made it possible for states to preserve the peace of Europe after terrorists aided by Italy and Hungary killed the King of Yugoslavia in 1934. This achievement represents the League at its most effective and demonstrates that the organization could carry out its peacekeeping functions. The League also made it possible to draft two international conventions to suppress and punish acts of terrorism. While both conventions were examples of productive collaboration, in the end, few governments supported the League’s anti-terrorism project in itself. Still, for Britain, Geneva served the cause of peace by helping states to settle their differences by mediation and concession while promoting international cooperation, a central conviction of British “appeasement” policy in the 1930s.
Not only academic educationalists interested in the history of the curriculum, but teachers - from primary schools to University, will find this book of compelling interest.
Places emphasis on policy decision-making in Greece in the 1940s which resulted in an extraordinary long fifty months hyperinflation. Throughout the entire period, the government of Greece was financed mainly from seigniorage, and barely at all from fiscal taxation. The author asks how this was contrived over so long a period without destroying the tax-base afforded by the transactions demanded for flat money. The book is, however, far more than an extended analysis of monetary economics. Rather it explores the history and structural basis for the policies pursued by the occupation and liberation governments of Greece, and their interactions with the policies of the Axis and later, British authorities. For sources, the work draws heavily not only on the existing literature, but also on the Bank of England and British Treasury papers of the period. Dr Michael Palairet is a lecturer at Department of Economic and Social History, University of Edinburgh.
These two volumes cover the entire period of Macedonia’s written history. Volume 1 moves from the Temenid kingdom in the Fifth Century BC, through Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian rule, to the overthrow of Christian rule by the Ottoman Turks. Many of the highlights in ancient Macedonian history were created by King Philip II and his son Alexander, and by the struggles of the Antigonid regime to withstand the ambitions of the Romans. High points in the Byzantine rule were achieved under Emperor Justinian in the 6th Century, and again under Basil II in the 11th. Geography made Macedonia a transit territory for the Crusades, but their passage was marked nevertheless by wanton brutality. By the beginning of the 13th Century, Byzantine power had passed its apogee, and it suffered the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. The ensuing establishment of the Latin Empire exposed Macedonia to repeated rounds of devastation by Latin, Bulgarian and Greek warlords. Despite the recovery of Constantinople by Michael Palaeologus, the much-weakened Byzantine Empire could no longer withstand its foes. Despite the transient displacement of Greek power by Serbian rule, Macedonia was destined to succumb to the Ottomans. The emphasis in Volume 1 is weighted geographically towards Aegean Macedonia – northwestern Greece – where the ancient kingdom was rooted. Vardar Macedonia – the lands that now comprise the Macedonian Republic – only emerged as a civilised historical entity during the Middle Ages. This voyage through history not only documents the Macedonian past, but also discovers its cultural heritage. This includes the mosaics and sculptures of the Alexandrine era, and its Christian churches, for Christianity left its indelible mark on Macedonian civilisation. The book follows the emergence of early Christianity from the time of St. Paul, but gives emphasis to the artistic culture of late antiquity. A further chapter is devoted to Orthodox mysticism and its fourteenth century role in the creation of the secret churches in the lakes of Ohrid and Prespa. Another charts the strange history of Athos, Macedonia’s Holy Mountain peninsula, in its formative period.
Volume 2 picks up the story of Macedonia from the triumph of Ottoman rule in Macedonia, and the consequent insertion of Islam into the Balkans. This led not only to protracted rivalry between Islam and Christianity, but also to the introduction of both variants of Islam, Sunni and Shia. As elsewhere, this gave rise to periodic upheavals when Shia factions tried to challenge the authority of the Sunni Ottoman State. Sunni – Shia tensions have never quite disappeared in Macedonia. Later topics include the violent but incompetent Macedonian struggle against Ottoman rule between 1878 and 1909, Macedonian involvement in the Balkan Wars and World War I, the demographic upheavals of the period, and the renewed Bulgarian insurgency against Yugoslavia between the World Wars. Macedonia’s half-hearted involvement in World War II, and the Communist insurgency in Greece in 1944–49 left a lingering legacy of fear and distrust that even today colours the attitudes of the Greeks towards their Macedonian neighbours. The book also reviews the less-than-admirable history of Mount Athos in its decadence during the modern and contemporary periods. Communist rule between 1944 and 1990, much neglected in research on Macedonia, is treated in its own chapter, which explains the imposition of Communism and its eventual abandonment in response to its utter developmental failure. The collapse of Communism also led to the fragmentation of the former Yugoslavia – a protracted and murderous affair, from which the Macedonians were lucky to escape lightly. The final chapter is devoted to the travails of the insecure new Macedonian Republic. Though the Republic traces its (alleged) origin to the ancient Macedonian kingdom, it only achieved statehood in 1991 by a historical accident. It was immediately embroiled with Greece over the question of its identity and of its very existence. Both volumes throw light on this piece of unfinished political business, and the ways in which Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria have sought to misuse their historical experience to justify their conflicting claims on the territory.
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