The first of a two-volume project delving into the doctrine of justification. Michael Horton seeks not simply to recover a clear message of its role in modern Reformed theology, but also to bring a fresh discovery of the gospel in a time when contemporary debates around justification have reignited. The doctrine of justification stands at the center of our systematic reflection on the meaning of salvation and grace as well as our piety, mission, and life together. And yet, within mainline Protestant and evangelical theology, it's often taken for granted or left to gather dust in favor of modern concerns and self-renewal. Volume 1 is an exercise in historical theology, exploring the doctrine of justification from the patristic era to the Reformation. This book: Provides a map for contemporary discussions of justification, identifying and engaging principal sources: Origen, Chrysostom, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Gabriel Biel, and the magisterial reformers. Studies the transformations of the doctrine through Aquinas, Scotus and the nominalists leading up to the era of the Reformation and the Council of Trent. Concludes by examining the hermeneutical and theological significance of the Reformers' understanding of the law and the gospel and the resultant covenantal scheme that became formative in Reformed theology. Engaging and thorough, Justification will not only reenergize the reader—whether Protestant or Catholic—with a passion for understanding this essential and long-running doctrinal conversation, but also challenge anyone to engage critically with the history of the Church and the heart of the gospel.
The Catholic Reformation (1999) provides a dynamic and original history of this crucial movement in early modern Europe. Starting from the late middle ages, it clearly traces the continuous transformation of Catholicism in its structure, bodies and doctrine. Charting the gain in momentum of Catholic renewal from the time of the Council of Trent, it also considers the ambiguous effect of the Protestant Reformation in accelerating the renovation of the Catholic Church. It explores how and why the Catholic Reformation occurred, stressing that many moves towards restoration were underway well before the Protestant Reformation. The huge impact the Catholic renewal had, not only on the papacy, Church leaders and religious ritual and practice, but also on the lives of ordinary people – their culture, arts, attitudes and relationships – is shown in colourful detail.
This book sheds new light on the origin of Calvinism and the Reformed faith through a detailed history of its progress in the Pays de Vaud. A careful examination of twin conflicts – the forced conversion of a Catholic populace to Protestantism by the Bernese; and the struggle of Calvinists against the Zwinglian political and theological ideas that dominated the Swiss Confederation – helps show why the Reformation bloomed where and when it did.
How should we understand the political morality of migration? Are travel bans, walls, or carrier sanctions ever morally permissible in a just society? This book offers a new approach to these and related questions. It identifies a particular vision of how we might apply the notion of justice to migration policy - and an argument in favor of expanding the ethical tools we use, to include not only justice but moral notions such as mercy/
Montaigne (1533-1592), the personification of philosophical calm, had to struggle to become the wise Renaissance humanist we know. His balanced temperament, sanguine and melancholic, promised genius but threatened madness. When he started his Essays, Montaigne was upset by an attack of melancholy humor: He became temperamental and unbalanced. Writing about himself restored the balance but broke an age-old taboo--happily so, for he discovered profound truths about himself and about our human condition. His charm and humor have made his writings widely enjoyed and admired.
For centuries its critics have argued that the Reformation was all about sex. Beyond the caricature, there is something significant in the observation. The theological revolution which began in Wittenberg and engulfed so much of early modern Europe was not confined to the cloister of the university; it had an immediate and palpable impact on everyday life. Historians such as Steven Ozment have done much to bring this dimension of the Reformation's impact into full view. Michael Parsons' important study, Reformation Marriage, continues this exploration. Aware of appeals made to the teaching of the Reformers by both sides of contemporary debates about gender and relational issues, Dr. Parsons allow us to hear Luther and Calvin for ourselves, locating their comments about family life against the background of medieval teaching on the subject and placing them in the context of each man's wider theological concerns. Here is careful and accessible scholarship that challenges popular misunderstandings about the contribution of the Reformation in this area."" --Mark D. Thompson, Moore Theological College, Sydney, Australia ""In the only book specifically on the subject to date, Michael Parsons investigates the theology of marriage in the writings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, carefully examining a daunting breadth of the Reformers' theological, exegetical, and homiletic works. He concentrates on the role of the wife in the conjugal relationship, but avoids the common polarity between the modern feminist critique of the woman's role in a Christian understanding of marriage and society, and those who simply ignore the gender difference between man and woman. While appreciating the questions raised by the modern liberationist and feminist scholars of the Reformers, Parsons believes they have generally failed to deal with the corpus of the Reformers in a sufficiently nuanced way. On the other hand, unlike some scholars who want to rescue these Reformers from contemporary criticism, Parsons carefully argues from wide primary evidence that neither Luther nor Calvin envisaged modifying the traditional hierarchal structure of marriage or the subordinationist conjugal relationship between man and woman. He refuses to turn the Reformers into pro-twenty-first-century thinkers, much as we might like them to conform more readily to our own contemporary attitudes. His interpretation therefore injects a much-needed dimension of historical realism into the ongoing scholarly debate on the Reformers' social theology."" --Rowan Strong, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Michael Parsons is Commissioning Editor for Paternoster Press and Associate Research Fellow at Spurgeon College, London. Previously, he was Director of Postgraduate Research at Vose Seminary, Perth, Western Australia. He lives with his wife and two children.
Clément Marot (1496-1544), a poet of distinction, is a unique witness to the effect of the Bible on French-speaking courts. He was admired by Francis I, protected by Margaret of Navarre, and by Renée, the French Duchess of Ferrara. His translations of the psalms came to dominate Huguenot worship, inspiring many imitators, not least in English. His commitment to Lutheran theology shines through his personal poetry—once his Scriptural allusions are recognised and interpreted. Clément Marot: A Renaissance Poet Discovers the Gospel is a fundamental expansion and recasting for an English-reading public of Marot Évangélique, Michael Screech's study which brings out the appeal to this court poet of Lutheranism and martyrdom. Chapters also examine aspects of Marot's cult of the Virgin and a possible shift from Lutheranism to Calvinism.
This work examines the social impact of Reformed protestantism through a study of the workings of the network of disciplinary courts created in Scotland during the second half of the sixteenth century.
The book illustrates the fact that in reforming theology sixteenth century theologians also reformed practice or the imperatives of Christian living. Experts in reformation studies identify and elucidate areas of sixteenth century reforming activity in Martin Luther, John Calvin and other leading reformers to demonstrate the thoroughgoing nature of the reformation agenda. The interpretation of Scripture, the centrality of Jesus Christ, the Jewish question, freedom and pastoral insight form the contents of an important section on Luther. The use of feminine imagery for God, the Augsburg Confession, deification, education, and the gospel are treated in relation to Calvin. The final section deals with Oecolampadius, the Son of Man texts in Matthew, justification, texts on difficult deaths and a Trinitarian exegesis of Scripture. By careful reading of both the historical situation and the primary texts this volume adds significantly to our understanding of the period.
The regional distribution, composition, structures, thermal state and regime, thermophysical characteristics, and dynamics of temperature changes of submarine permafrost are considered, based on Eurasiatic shelf data. The origin and development of permafrost is closely connected with the specifics of Arctic Basin development during the Pleistocene
The U.S. president has decided to turn an international conference on human rights into the scene of his greatest triumph--but instead is taken hostage by a group prepared to kill for world peace. Paul Waters, an intelligence agent assigned to protect the president, joins forces with his lover, Kate Dinneson, to foil the plans of the extremist group and rescue American's leader. But can they stop the fanatics in time? And did the president plan his own kidnapping?
Nineteen biblical scholars and theologians in this volume explore the notions of union and participation within Pauline theology, teasing out the complex web of meaning conveyed through Paul's theological vision of being "in Christ." With essays that investigate Pauline theology and exegesis, ex-amine highlights from reception history, and offer deep theological reflection, this exemplary multidisciplinary collection charts new ground in the scholarly understanding of Paul's thought and its theological implications.
Founded in 1365, not long after the Great Plague ravaged Europe, the University of Vienna was revitalized in 1384 by prominent theologians displaced from Paris--among them Henry of Langenstein. Beginning with the 1384 revival, Michael Shank explores the history of the university and its ties with European intellectual life and the city of Vienna. In so doing he links the abstract discussions of university theologians with the burning of John Hus and Jerome of Prague at the Council of Constance (1415-16) and the destruction of the Jewish community of Lower Austria (1421). Like most other scholars of the period, Henry of Langenstein (d. 1397) at one time believed that Aristotle's syllogistic was universally valid even in Trinitarian theology. In touch with the vibrant Jewish community in Vienna, Langenstein had high hopes of converting its members by logical argument. When he failed in his purpose, he lost his confidence in Aristotle's syllogistic as a universal tool of apologetics and handmaiden to Trinitarian theology. ("Unless you believe, you shall not understand," he quoted from Isaiah, in order to express his change of opinion.) During the next generation, the intellectual climate at the university changed from academic openness to increasing rigidity, and theologians turned from argument to persecution. Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Remembered as the official who failed to keep Luther in the Catholic fold, Tommaso de Vio, Cardinal Cajetan (1469-1534) was a multi-faceted figure whose significance extends beyond those days in Augsburg. In the 1520s, he embarked on a labour of biblical commentary that occupied the final decade of his life, producing over a million words of translation and commentary. Offering an overview of this remarkable body of work, Michael O’Connor argues that Cajetan’s motive was the renewal of Christian living (more ‘Catholic Reform’ than ‘Counter-Reformation’), and that his method was a bold and fresh hybrid of scholasticism and Renaissance humanism, correcting the Vulgate’s errors and expounding the text almost exclusively according to the literal sense.
What is the most important book on sanctification? For John Murray, it was Walter Marshal’s The Gospel Mystery of Sanctification. William Cowper praised Marshall: “I think Marshall one of the best and most spiritual expositors of Scripture.” The Marrow men also commended Marshall. Even Andrew Murray believed Gospel Mystery to be “the one book . . . admitted by all to be the standard on sanctification.” Marshall’s enduring value is well established, yet scarcely any resources explain Marshall’s theology. T. Michael Christ’s A New Creation in Christ fills this void by exploring Marshall’s theology in the context of the antinomian and neonomian controversies of Marshall’s day. At a time when interlocutors where pushing one another to further extremes, Marshall achieves balance because he grounds sanctification in the believer’s union with Christ and deploys two limiting concepts that discourage using one error to refute the other. He insists both that some measure of assurance of salvation must precede actual works of holiness (refuting neonomianims) and that holiness is a necessary part of salvation (countering antinomianism). A New Creation in Christ explores how these limiting concepts translate into practical help for those who, as Marshall says, pursue holiness “under the guilt and power of indwelling sin.”
Exposing the religious roots of our ostensibly godless age, Michael Allen Gillespie reveals in this landmark study that modernity is much less secular than conventional wisdom suggests. Taking as his starting point the collapse of the medieval world, Gillespie argues that from the very beginning moderns sought not to eliminate religion but to support a new view of religion and its place in human life. He goes on to explore the ideas of such figures as William of Ockham, Petrarch, Erasmus, Luther, Descartes, and Hobbes, showing that modernity is best understood as a series of attempts to formulate a new and coherent metaphysics or theology. “Bringing the history of political thought up to date and situating it against the backdrop of contemporary events, Gillespie’s analyses provide us a way to begin to have conversations with the Islamic world about what is perhaps the central question within each of the three monotheistic religions: if God is omnipotent, then what is the place of human freedom?”—Joshua Mitchell, Georgetown University
Michael Laffin demonstrates the promise of Martin Luther's thought for contemporary political theology by showing how Luther has been over-determined in standard genealogies of modernity which frequently deafen us to his unique contribution. Laffin argues that contemporary theologians have typically followed a narrative derived from the work of a previous generation of political historians and philosophers, which tend to screen out or distort the Reformers' contribution to political theory. Common to these narratives are charges against Luther for his perceived univocal and nominal ontology resulting in a privatized and spiritualized Christianity, thus falsely dividing the world into autonomous spheres. Additionally, the narratives claim that Luther follows in the wake of voluntarism, leading to an insistence on human passivity that leaves no room for pagan virtue. Thus, politics is reduced to an authoritarian imposition of order. In contrast to the dominant narratives of political modernity, Laffin re-examines these narratives by focusing on the political significance of areas in Luther's corpus often neglected in contemporary accounts of his political thought, especially his commentaries on Scripture and writings on the sacraments. Attention to these writings brings forth the crucial themes of the two ecclesiae and the three institutions. Constructively, these themes are deployed in critical engagement with contemporary political theology, particularly as represented in Radical Orthodoxy and the new-Augustinianism.
This book introduces Reformed theology by surveying the doctrinal concerns that have shaped its historical development. The book sketches the diversity of the Reformed tradition through the past five centuries even as it highlights the continuity with regard to certain theological emphases. In so doing, it accentuates that Reformed theology is marked by both formal ('the always reforming church') and material ('the Reformed church') interests. Furthermore, it attends to both revisionary and conservative trends within the Reformed tradition. The book covers eight major theological themes: Word of God, covenant, God and Christ, sin and grace, faith, worship, confessions and authority, and culture and eschatology. It engages a variety of Reformed confessional writings, as well as a number of individual theologians (including Zwingli, Calvin, Bullinger, Bucer, Beza, Owen, Turretin, Edwards, Schleiermacher, Hodge, Shedd, Heppe, Bavinck, Barth, and Niebuhr).
Many of the most skilled and educated citizens of developing countries choose to emigrate. How may those societies respond to these facts? May they ever legitimately prevent the emigration of their citizens? Gillian Brock and Michael Blake debate these questions, and offer distinct arguments about the morality of emigration.
Reformation Letters is a detailed look at John Calvin’s letters, which were mostly of a pastoral nature. These were letters that define the Reformation and demonstrate Calvin’s concerns, his strengths, and his weaknesses, against the background of his own time and contemporaries. Here we find Calvin on his own calling and exile from Geneva; Calvin on marriage—his own and others’; Calvin’s prefatory letter to Francis I of France; Calvin’s letter to Sadoleto on the nature of the Reformation; Calvin on Servetus and the reasons for his trial and execution for heresy; and Calvin’s letters to those facing death and persecution.
Michael Pasquarello has written a 'must read' book articulating a Trinitarian vision for preaching. His compelling argument is richly informed by traditional biblical hermeneutics, creedal history understood as storied attestation of the witness of Scripture, and liturgical theology and practice considered as embodied performance of the Bible's divine narrative. Here is a clear summons to the church to abandon all lesser homiletic aims and to prayerfully and faithfully proclaim the holy gospel to the glory of God." --Charles L. Bartow, Princeton Theological Seminary "Like all of Michael Pasquarello's work, his newest book not only upholds the classical Christian tradition but also breathes new vitality into it. In an era in which preaching is reduced to persuasive communication, Pasquarello reminds us that the Christian message has a content that originates in and gives expression to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit." --Richard Lischer, Duke Divinity School "One of the refreshing things about this fine book by Michael Pasquarello is that, when he thinks about the ministry of preaching, he is not afraid to measure the breadth historically or plumb the depths theologically. Pasquarello has written this book like a good sermon--faithfully, thoughtfully, prayerfully, and with a profound word to speak. We are in his debt." --Thomas G. Long, Candler School of Theology "Boldly challenging homiletical accommodation to American culture, Pasquarello seeks to change the subject of preaching from method and 'marketing' to the Triune God, who is the source and goal of our speech. A welcome theological vision of preaching." --Charles L. Campbell, Columbia Theological Seminary "Christian Preaching brings together two disciplines that have sadly grown apart such that they almost developed irreconcilable differences--preaching and theology. Pasquarello offers a brilliant critique of theology as technique and draws on the theology and sermons of Irenaeus, Augustine, Luther, Wesley, and others, convincingly demonstrating that effective, pragmatic preaching requires substantive theological engagement (and vice versa). This book accomplishes its purpose so well that it should be used not only in preaching courses but also in basic theology courses. No preacher should be let loose on a congregation without passing through Pasquarello's Christian Preaching." --D. Stephen Long, Marquette University
The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century has traditionally been viewed as marking the onset of modernity in Europe. It finally broke up the federal Christendom of the middle ages, under the leadership of the papacy and substituted for it a continent of autonomous and national states, independent of Rome. The Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation provides a comprehensive account of two chains of events_the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation_that have left an enduring imprint on Europe, America, and the world at large. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 300 cross-referenced dictionary entries on persons, places, countries, institutions, doctrines, ideas, and events.
Cultural Politics and Asian Values looks at the political, cultural and religious background of East and Southeast Asian societies and those of 'the West', with a view to seeing how they are affecting contemporary national and international politics: democratization, the international human rights discourse, NGOs and globalization. The book surveys the political history and pre-history of the 'Asian values' debate, taking it up to the era of Megawati Sukarnoputri, Chen Shui-bian and Kim Dae-jung. In chapters on Confucianism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity and liberalism, Barr explores the histories and conceptual essences of the world religions involved in or affected by the debate.
Once upon a time, it was not so difficult to believe. Believing in God was like breathing. It was a second sense of which people were hardly aware. But in an age when our faith is mainly in science and technology, is it possible to believe anymore? Michael P. Jensen takes a searching look at what makes us believe--or not believe--in God in this contemporary world. He converses with troubled souls, cranks, crackpots, and conspiracy theorists, and even with the devil himself. This entertaining and stimulating journey through the underworld of our beliefs will have you wondering whether things are always what they seem.
This book examines the struggle for Protestant consensus and unity through the work of John a Lasco (1499-1560). It is only in recent years that scholars have begun to recognize the importance of Lasco as one of the leading figures of the European Reformation, and a pivotal figure between Lutheran and Reformed theologians. The Polish reformer was among the most dynamic church organizers of the sixteenth century, dedicated to healing the divisions among evangelicals and searching for the key to Protestant unity in the example of the Apostolic Church. It was to this end that he published the Forma ac ratio in 1555, a work that recorded the rites and practices of the London Strangers' Church (of which he had been the first superintendent) and to provide a model for uniting the disparate Protestant communities on the Continent. Although some recent works have focused on aspects of Lasco's early career in Germany and England, this is the first book to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Forma ac ratio, and the reformer's reasons for writing it. This study also puts Lasco's distinct model for Protestant churches into the wider European context and assesses his impact on the struggle for unity through an examination of his correspondence, the reaction to his writings, and his influence on Protestant congregations across Europe.
An engaging and comprehensive new edition of this established biography provides students with an understanding of the European Reformation through the life of its key mover, Martin Luther. Working chronologically through Luther’s life, Michael A. Mullet explains and analyses Luther’s background, the development of his Reformation theology in the 95 Theses, the Diet of Worms and the creation of Lutheranism. This fully revised and updated new edition includes a chapter on the legacy and memory of Luther through the centuries since his death, looking to his influence on modern Germany and the wider world. A comprehensive chronology at the start of the book traces the important dates in Luther’s personal and political life. This is a vivid, scholarly and empathetic biography of Martin Luther, which will be essential reading for all students of the European Reformation, early modern history and religious history.
Modern approaches to preaching today are largely fixated on "how-to's"--how to make preaching more relevant, more interesting, more entertaining. Michael Pasquarello suggests that this fixation may stem from a preaching imagination more beholden to technical, scientific reason than theological wisdom. Rather than devising new techniques or strategies for effective speaking, Pasquarello offers something more salutary--portraits of ten exemplary preachers from the Christian tradition. Included in Pasquarello's gallery are Augustine of Hippo, Gregory the Great, Benedict, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Erasmus, Hugh Latimer, Martin Luther, and John Calvin. These excellent preachers conceived of Christian speech as a unique theological practice learned through prayerful attention to the Bible and aimed at communion with God. Sacred Rhetoric invites readers to join an extended conversation with the past in order to become faithful preachers of the gospel in a post-Christian society. Preachers, seminarians, and students of Christian history will find much to learn from Pasquarello's fresh perspective and passion for the past.
An accessible and academic reading of the doctrine of justification by faith. It is often assumed that the Reformation taught justification by faith as if there was a monolithic view of the doctrine. Since We Are Justified By Faith is a collection of important essays that dispel this myth, demonstrating the diverse theologies of that period. Experts in the field, including Cameron MacKenzie, Aaron OKelly, Jeff Fisher, Kirk MacGregor, Mary Patton Baker, Karin Spiecker Stetina, David Hall, Bonnie Pattison, Timothy Shaun Price, Andre Gazal, and Chris Ross, write on the theologies of Luther, Melanchthon, Oecolampadius, Marpeck, Calvin, and the English reformers to give a nuanced reading of the doctrine in sixteenth-century Protestant theology.
A Savage Mirror is about the New World, royal ritual, and the sensibilities that defined a new class of elites. It takes as its starting point the royal entry of Henri II into Rouen in 1550. By all accounts, this ritual was among the most spectacular ever staged. It included an "exact" replica of a Brazilian village, with fifty "savages" kidnapped from the New World. The book aims to understand what the French made of these Brazilian cannibals, and the significance of putting them in a festival honoring the king. The resulting analysis provides an investigation of France's changing social structure, its religious beliefs, its humanist culture, and its complicated commercial and symbolic relations with the New World. The book will appeal not only to scholars of early modern history, but to those interested in cross-cultural contact, cultural studies, civic ritual, museography, and history of literature, science, religion, art, and anthropology.
Audacious transgressors, rebellious sowers of discord, a brood of vipers – so leaders of the Order of Preachers described their own men. This lively study of costly corporate successes and failed reforms restores to the late medieval friars their complex humanity.
Radical Religious Movements in Early Modern Europe (1980) examines Western European history during three crucial centuries of transition. He expands the concept of Reformation to cover all the movements of religious resurgence in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe. Social, economic, political, literary and artistic developments are fully considered, alongside more strictly religious themes.
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