The Advance Earned Income Tax Credit (AEITC) allows individuals to receive a portion of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in their paychecks, instead of receiving all of it when filing their year-end tax return. Limited research has been conducted on the AEITC since it was last examined it in the early 1990s. This report determines: (1) how many individuals received the AEITC compared with the EITC in tax years 2002 through 2004, what actions, if any, have been taken to increase use, and the potential for increases in use in the future; (2) the extent of noncompliance, if any, associated with the AEITC; and (3) how well the IRS¿s procedures address the areas of noncompliance. Includes recommendations. Charts and tables.
This book differs from traditional numerical analysis texts in that it focuses on the motivation and ideas behind the algorithms presented rather than on detailed analyses of them. It presents a broad overview of methods and software for solving mathematical problems arising in computational modeling and data analysis, including proper problem formulation, selection of effective solution algorithms, and interpretation of results.? In the 20 years since its original publication, the modern, fundamental perspective of this book has aged well, and it continues to be used in the classroom. This Classics edition has been updated to include pointers to Python software and the Chebfun package, expansions on barycentric formulation for Lagrange polynomial interpretation and stochastic methods, and the availability of about 100 interactive educational modules that dynamically illustrate the concepts and algorithms in the book. Scientific Computing: An Introductory Survey, Second Edition is intended as both a textbook and a reference for computationally oriented disciplines that need to solve mathematical problems.
Drawing on nearly thirty years of prior analyses of growth, aging, and diversity in Texas populations and households, the authors of Changing Texas: Implications of Addressing or Ignoring the Texas Challenge examine key issues related to future Texas population change and its socioeconomic implications. Current interpretation of data indicates that, in the absence of any change in the socioeconomic conditions associated with the demographic characteristics of the fastest growing populations, Texas will become poorer and less competitive in the future. However, the authors delineate how such a future can be altered so that the “Texas Challenge” becomes a Texas advantage, leading to a more prosperous future for all Texans. Presenting extensive data and projections for the period through 2050, Changing Texas permits an educated preview of Texas at the middle of the twenty-first century. Discussing in detail the implications of population-related change and examining how the state could alter those outcomes through public policy, Changing Texas offers important insights for the implications of Texas’ changing demographics for educational infrastructure, income and poverty, unemployment, healthcare needs, business activity, public funding, and many other topics important to the state, its leaders, and its people. Perhaps most importantly, Changing Texas shows how objective information, appropriately analyzed, can inform governmental and private-sector policies that will have important implications for the future of Texas.
This monograph presents a comprehensive ethnography of the Thakali with particular reference to the Thak Khola valley of Mustang district, Nepal - the homeland of the Thakali. Based on several years of fieldwork since 1972, it provides detail and insight on Thakali history, culture and society.
Despite repeated attempts in recent years to simplify the planning system, planning law has continued to be so complex that practitioners and students alike have found it difficult to disentangle the issues and principles involved. The twelfth edition of this popular and accessible book aims to remove the mystery which planning law has for so many people. A Practical Approach to Planning Law continues to provide a comprehensive and systematic account of the principles and practice of planning law, guiding the reader through each stage of the planning process, from permission applications through to disputes and appeals. Containing coverage of all recent cases as well as important developments since the publication of the previous edition, particularly those arising out of the Localism Act 2011, this new edition provides an invaluable introduction to the subject for professionals and students alike. The A Practical Approach series is the perfect partner for practice work. Each title focuses on one field of the law, providing a comprehensive overview of the subject together with clear, practical advice and tips on issues likely to arise in practice. The books are also an excellent resource for those new to the law, where the expert overview and clear layout promote clarity and ease of understanding.
A Computational Approach to Statistical Learning gives a novel introduction to predictive modeling by focusing on the algorithmic and numeric motivations behind popular statistical methods. The text contains annotated code to over 80 original reference functions. These functions provide minimal working implementations of common statistical learning algorithms. Every chapter concludes with a fully worked out application that illustrates predictive modeling tasks using a real-world dataset. The text begins with a detailed analysis of linear models and ordinary least squares. Subsequent chapters explore extensions such as ridge regression, generalized linear models, and additive models. The second half focuses on the use of general-purpose algorithms for convex optimization and their application to tasks in statistical learning. Models covered include the elastic net, dense neural networks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and spectral clustering. A unifying theme throughout the text is the use of optimization theory in the description of predictive models, with a particular focus on the singular value decomposition (SVD). Through this theme, the computational approach motivates and clarifies the relationships between various predictive models. Taylor Arnold is an assistant professor of statistics at the University of Richmond. His work at the intersection of computer vision, natural language processing, and digital humanities has been supported by multiple grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). His first book, Humanities Data in R, was published in 2015. Michael Kane is an assistant professor of biostatistics at Yale University. He is the recipient of grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DARPA, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. His R package bigmemory won the Chamber's prize for statistical software in 2010. Bryan Lewis is an applied mathematician and author of many popular R packages, including irlba, doRedis, and threejs.
The household was the basic unit of the early church; it also constituted the basic unit of political economy until the Industrial Revolution. This richly detailed work uses the notion of house as a unifying theme, establishing the identity and concerns of the early Christian churches. What emphases did Matthew's gospel have for that audience - which Crosby establishes was urban-based and prosperous - and what does it mean to First World Christians today? Through an in-depth exploration of Matthew's gospel and its socioeconomic milieu, 'House of Disciples' shows how the world of the early church continues to challenge Christians nineteen hundred years later. It makes a unique contribution to both New Testament scholarship and the practice of a contemporary spirituality.
Criminal Law explains, analyses, and critiques the criminal law. Expanded contextual coverage ensures that students can enjoy a comprehensive understanding of this most fascinating subject.
The law relating to general defences is one of the most important areas in the criminal law, yet the current state of the law in the United Kingdom reveals significant problems in the adoption of a consistent approach to their doctrinal and theoretical underpinnings, as exemplified by a number of recent developments in legislation and case law. A coherent and joined-up approach is still missing. This volume provides an analysis of the main contentious areas in British law, and proposes ways forward for reform. The collection includes contributions from leading experts across various jurisdictions. Part I examines the law in the United Kingdom, with specialist contributions on Irish and Scottish law. Part II consists of contributions by authors from a number of foreign jurisdictions, all written to a common research grid for maximum comparability, which provide a wider background of how other legal systems treat problems relating to general defences in the context of the criminal law, and which may serve as points of reference for domestic law reform.
This is the fourth volume in the Hall Institute of Public Policy's 2020 series. These topical and scholarly articles are meant to examine some of the major issues facing the state of New Jersey and the United States, and embrace matters of national security, social entitlements, religious differences, the gold standard, prosecutorial misconduct, the rights of alleged terrorists, the free market economy and other concerns. These essays offer a unique picture of where we are as a free people, and is compiled by one of the few nonpartisan, not for profit think tanks in America.
This best-selling textbook returns for a seventh edition with material on the most fundamental and fascinating issues in sociology today. The authors continue their tradition of focusing on the big picture, with an emphasis on race, class, and gender in every chapter. The text continues to frame sociological debates around the major theoretical perspectives of sociology and focus on capturing students’ imaginations with cutting-edge research and real-world events. The hallmark of the book continues to be clear writing that helps students understand the intricacies of the discipline like no other textbook on the market. New to the seventh edition Expanded focus on new social movements such as Black Lives Matter, Occupy Wall Street, and the Tea Party. Updates on both the 2012 and 2016 elections. New discussions of Donald Trump and the immigration debate; causes and consequences. New discussions of "patriot" movements, racism, and the reaction to the first African American president. Expanded coverage of sexual orientation and LGBT issues. Updates on gay rights and the historic legalization of same-sex marriage. New sections on cyber life discussion issues such as cyber bullying and public shaming; WikiLeaks, Edward Snowden, and NSA spying; sexting and youth culture; the Arab Spring; and social media activism. New coverage of the so-called "he-cession" and the rise of women managers (whom employers still see as risky but, increasingly, as highly talented). Updates on health-care reform, five years on and the efforts to repeal and replace "Obamacare". Expanded coverage of mass shootings and the corresponding policy debates. Expanded coverage and new focus on police-involved shootings and gun control in the "Deviance, Crime, and Social Control" chapter. New discussions of the sociology of finance, including the role of financial derivatives in the 2008 global financial crisis. New photos and updated figures and tables throughout the text.
This defining work will be valuable to readers and researchers in social sciences and humanities at all academic levels. As a teaching resource it will be useful to instructors and students alike and will become a standard reference source. Essential for general and academic collections." --CHOICE This Encyclopedia provides readers with authoritative essays on virtually all social science methods topics, quantitative and qualitative, by an international collection of experts. Organized alphabetically, the Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods covers research terms ranging from different methodological approaches to epistemological issues and specific statistical techniques. Written to be accessible to general readers, the Encyclopedia entries do not require advanced knowledge of mathematics or statistics to understand the purposes or basic principles of any of the methods. To accomplish this goal, there are two major types of entries: definitions consisting of a paragraph or two to provide a quick explanation of a methodological term; and topical treatments or essays that discuss the nature, history, applications, and implications of using a certain method, including suggested readings and references. Readers are directed to related topics via cross-referenced terms that appear in small capital letters. By assembling entries of varied origins and serving different research purposes, readers will be able to benefit from this immense source of methodological expertise in advancing their understanding of research. With three volumes and more than 900 signed entries, the Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods will be a critical addition to any social science library.
A final chapter compares these groups on many of these topics, highlighting the variability of the American experience for members of different ethnic groups. Distilling thousands of pages of census documents and other statistical data on American racial and ethnic groups into easily understandable maps and charts, the Atlas highlights trends and conditions not otherwise observable, making it an ideal tool for scholars, students, and policy makers alike.
This new volume maps the complex interplay of demographic and socioeconomic changes in the United States, where rapid aging and ethnic diversification are merely the most salient of the many issues with major long-term implications. Drawing on The United States Census Bureau’s post-2010 detailed projections, as well as a wealth of data distilled from authoritative sources, the authors tackle many of the urgent policy questions raised by America’s changing population. The book explores the ways economic markets are adapting to an older and more diverse customer base, how the projected demographic change will impact public service demand, the growing economic disparities between asset-rich baby boomers and youth struggling for economic security, and how the projected demographic patterns will change the fiscal, economic, education, health, and housing sectors and alter the social structures and processes impacting American households and the diverse array of America’s future population. A thorough survey of major demographic patterns in the USA up to 2050 is followed by an assessment of how these will affect socioeconomic, public service, fiscal, economic, and social structures and mechanisms, down to the size and composition of households. The analysis then considers possible variations of outcome predicated on alternative dynamic patterns between demographics and socioeconomics. Cutting through the politics and communal anxieties with hard, cutting-edge data, this study will be a primary source for all those who must use its contents to guide their decisions.
This book is an engaging introduction to the complex religious tradition of Hinduism. Central to its focus is demonstrating the fundamental diversity within Hinduism through the multiplicity of its core beliefs and traditions. Chapters are divided into four historical categories – Vedic, Ascetic, Classical, and Contemporary Hinduism – with each examining one deity alongside one key term, serving as a twin focal point for a more complex discussion of related key texts, ideas, social structures, religious practices, festivals, and concepts such as ritual and sacrifice, music and devotion, and engagement and renunciation. The organization of this book requires that we see deities as not simply divine individuals who preside over one part of the Hindu world, but that each deity operates as a larger cultural category whose related persons, concepts, and practices provide a vivid lens through which Hindu devotees see and continue to readapt to the world in which they live. With study questions, glossaries, and lists of key contemporary figures, this book is an essential and comprehensive resource for students encountering the multiplicity of Hinduism for the first time.
Verification of arms control treaties is an important function of the national security community, & has been a key concern of arms negotiators as well as members of the Congress for a number of years. New types of verification procedures have been introduced recently, giving a prominent role to various types of on-site inspections. Such inspections can improve the verifiability of treaties & contribute to a better spirit of cooperation among treaty signatories. There have been concerns, however, that such measures could prove costly. This study addresses the costs of verification & compliance of five pending arms control accords. Charts & tables.
The composition of the American population is rapidly changing from a white, male dominated society to one that is so diverse it will soon be without any single, dominant race, ethnicity, or gender. The dramatic demographic shifts in American society have provoked many false claims and distortions of facts that have fueled demagoguery, as occurred during the 2016 presidential campaign. Access to unvarnished facts about people different than you—but who are becoming your neighbors—is more critical now than ever. This book, in full-color, was created to provide a single source of easily accessible facts—obtained primarily from U.S. government agencies—comparing characteristics of race, ethnicity, and gender in graphic format to enhance comprehension, as only visual presentations can achieve. Virtually all major socio-economic topics are covered, including geographic distribution of populations, birth rates, health, wealth, poverty, income, employment, crime, incarcerations, social behaviors, education, and political preferences. Included are past and future trends for many characteristics, as are comparisons between foreign-born, natural citizens, legal and undocumented immigrants. Special Features: Socio-economic characteristics between races, ethnicities, and genders in America Comparisons include: health, education, wealth, poverty, income, employment, crime, incarcerations, social behaviors, geographic distributions, and political preferences Includes foreign-born and natural citizens, lawful and undocumented immigrants All data are graphically displayed for easy visualization and comprehension Attributed sources for all data include web addresses to enable additional research Only factual data are presented without editorial comments or opinions Interesting facts found in America’s Diverse Population include: More than one-in-eight persons residing in the U.S. in 2015 were born elsewhere. Approximately one-in-four persons with "Green Cards" resided in California in 2013. Over three million temporary workers were admitted into the U.S. in 2014. In 2009 over two-thirds of convictions of undocumented immigrants were for violations of immigration law, and two percent for crimes against persons. Approximately one-of-three Black or African American children live in households with both married parents, compared with ninety-five percent of Asian households. In 2013 one-of-eight high school age Hispanic or Latino females reported they were forced to have sex. In 2015 ninety-seven percent of kindergarten teachers were women. Approximately one-half of all maids and housekeeping cleaners in 2015 were Hispanic or Latino women. In 2015, almost one-in-four Asian females held a Master's degree, the highest rate of any race or ethnicity. In 2013, the number of Non-Hispanic White children in the U.S., grades K–8, fell below fifty percent of students for the first time.
Jesus-Yeshua. The most influential Jew who ever lived. The most controversial Jew who ever lived. He has been called a rabbi, a rebel, a reformer, a religious teacher, a reprobate sinner, a revolutionary, a redeemer. Some have claimed he was a magician, others the Messiah. Some say he was a deceiver; others say he was divine. Who is this Jesus-Yeshua, and why are we still talking about him two thousand years later? Recently a prominent Orthodox Jewish rabbi presented a new version of Jesus, a "Kosher Jesus" that Jews can accept. By reclaiming Yeshua as a fellow Jew and rabbi, he has taken a very major and truly wonderful step in the right direction, but by re-creating Jesus, he has also robbed him of his uniqueness. The Real Kosher Jesus takes you on a journey to uncover the truth. It is a journey filled with amazing discoveries and delightful surprises, a journey that is sometimes painful but that ends with joy, a journey through which you will learn the real story of this man named Yeshua: the most famous Jew of all time, the Jewish nation's greatest prophet, the most illustrious rabbi ever, the light of the nations and Israel's hidden Messiah.
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