Under what conditions are some developing countries able to create stable democracies while others have slid into instability and authoritarianism? To address this classic question at the center of policy and academic debates, The Promise of Power investigates a striking puzzle: why, upon the 1947 Partition of British India, was India able to establish a stable democracy while Pakistan created an unstable autocracy? Drawing on interviews, colonial correspondence, and early government records to document the genesis of two of the twentieth century's most celebrated independence movements, Maya Tudor refutes the prevailing notion that a country's democratization prospects can be directly attributed to its levels of economic development or inequality. Instead, she demonstrates that the differential strengths of India's and Pakistan's independence movements directly account for their divergent democratization trajectories. She also establishes that these movements were initially constructed to pursue historically conditioned class interests. By illuminating the source of this enduring contrast, The Promise of Power offers a broad theory of democracy's origins that will interest scholars and students of comparative politics, democratization, state-building, and South Asian political history.
Nationalism has long been a normatively and empirically contested concept, associated with democratic revolutions and public goods provision, but also with xenophobia, genocide, and wars. Moving beyond facile distinctions between 'good' and 'bad' nationalisms, the authors argue that nationalism is an empirically variegated ideology. Definitional disagreements, Eurocentric conceptualizations, and linear associations between ethnicity and nationalism have hampered our ability to synthesize insights. This Element proposes that nationalism can be broken down productively into parts based on three key questions: (1) Does a nation exist? (2) How do national narratives vary? (3) When do national narratives matter? The answers to these questions generate five dimensions along which nationalism varies: elite fragmentation and popular fragmentation of national communities; ascriptiveness and thickness of national narratives; and salience of national identities.
【Free Comic!】Harriet is a fashion model and the apple of her father's eye. When her father dies suddenly, Harriet is left with nothing except the family company, which is on the brink of bankruptcy. Out of other options, Harriet puts the company up for auction. Her first meeting with Jothan, the winning investor, is a frustrating mess. "I can't possibly work with a man like this!" As if the situation weren't bad enough, Harriet's longtime admirer, Nigel, arrives to further complicate things...
Hello! My name is Lydia Barrow. I'm nineteen years old. And I'm in the way. But I've always been in the way, and when my half sister goes to London to find a husband, my stepmother decides to get rid of me so that I don't mess up their plans. And as far as I'm concerned, that's fine. I'm used to being ignored...or worse. I can take care of myself. In fact, I've got plans. If things go well, I'll have a source of income and be independent...eventually. However, it's still not enough for Lady Durand. Now she wants to marry me off to some random man so that she can be rid of me for good. And I don't like this one bit. But what do you do when all of society is designed around men? When you don't have an identity of your own? Is it possible to stand on your own two feet and be responsible for yourself? And what if this man is...wonderful? Should I trust him?
A ship’s captain. A crime. A secret. What would you do to claim the position in society that has been stolen from you? Lady Catherine, banished to the countryside as a useless girl with a lame leg, got her revenge by playing a dangerous game...and now it will ruin her. When the old earl dies, his only child feels no sorrow. The earldom will now revert to the crown and Lady Catherine will continue to live life exactly as she pleases. But when she learns that she is the heir to a secret family title, everything changes. Marriage had once seemed unnecessary and out of the question; now it is the only thing she wants. The two men in her life both need her influence and wealth. Whom shall she choose? The kind but secretive Captain Avebury? Or the notorious Sir Lyle, the handsome smuggler? Both men deal very differently with honor. And when Catherine’s secret self-destructs, which man can be trusted to save her? The Portrait is about a strong woman, foolish decisions, trust, and the definition of honor. Fans of Jane Austen’s independent women will recognize in Catherine a voice which will not be silenced.
Author Maya Brenner has designed jewelry for Cameron Diaz, Anne Hathaway, and Reese Witherspoon. Now crafters can create her exclusive designs with simple step-by-step projects that can be done inexpensively at home with Beaded Jewelry. With clear explanations of beading techniques, inspirational color charts, and tips on what equipment (and what not) to buy, Beaded Jewelry gives crafters the know-how to design and make their own unbelievably beautiful jewelry. A craft book with both style and substance, Beaded Jewelry contains 18 stunning projects, including necklaces, earrings, and bracelets, as well as specially commissioned photographs that clearly show each inspiring step-by-step sequence.
These intriguing tales by Maya Mitra Das take us on wildly imaginative journeys to exotic and sometimes alien landscapes -- introducing us to infinitely curious moments in time, space and memory. Maya's poetry and fiction have appeared in numerous anthologies. This is her first collection of short fiction.
One of the Best Books of 2020, Buzzfeed News The Millions' Most Anticipated: The Great Second-Half of 2020 Book Preview The gripping, thought-provoking stories in Yxta Maya Murray’s latest collection find their inspiration in the headlines. Here, ordinary people negotiate tentative paths through wildfire, mass shootings, bureaucratic incompetence, and heedless government policies with vicious impacts on the innocent and helpless. A nurse volunteers to serve in catastrophe-stricken Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria and discovers that her skill and compassion are useless in the face of stubborn governmental inertia. An Environmental Protection Agency employee, whose agricultural-worker parents died after long exposure to a deadly pesticide, finds herself forced to find justifications for reversing regulations that had earlier banned the chemical. A Department of Education employee in a dystopic future America visits a highly praised charter school and discovers the horrific consequences of academic failure. A transgender trainer of beauty pageant contestants takes on a beautiful Latina for the Miss USA pageant and brings her to perfection and the brink of victory, only to discover that she has a fatal secret. The characters in these stories grapple with the consequences of frightening attitudes and policies pervasive in the United States today. The stories explore not only our distressing human capacity for moral numbness in the face of evil, but also reveal our surprising stores of compassion and forgiveness. These brilliantly conceived and beautifully written stories are troubling yet irresistible mirrors of our time.
Now in a fully updated Fifth Edition, Shnider and Levinson's Anesthesia for Obstetrics, continues to provide the comprehensive coverage that has made it the leading reference in the field. The rising number of Cesarean births and the more advanced age of first-time mothers in the United States have brought with them an increased risk for complications, making the role of the obstetric anesthesiologist increasingly important. Inside you'll explore... * Maternal and Fetal Physiology builds your understanding of placental transfer of drugs. * Fetal Assessment covers the basics of antenatal assessment and intrapartum monitoring. * Anesthesia and Analgesia addresses the anesthetic considerations of vaginal and Cesarean delivery. * Neonatal Well-Being--including neonatal resuscitation and neonatal injury. * Management of Obstetric Complications helps minimize the risks posed by abnormal positioning, intrapartum fever, and antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage. * Management of Anesthetic Complications addresses the special problems related to obstetric anesthesia, including embolic events and intubation problems. * Management of the Parturient with Coexisting Disorders prepares you for the special challenges faced when treating mothers with hypertensive, respiratory, endocrine, neurologic, or other disorders. * Difficult and Failed Intubation: Strategies, Prevention, and Management of Airway-Related Catastrophes addresses the airway related maternal mortality, predictors of difficult airway and strategies to manage the unanticipated difficult airway as well as the critical airway with increasing hyoxemia. NEW to the Fifth Edition... * New editorial team * New full-color format * New sections on Assessment of the Fetus; Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery; Neonatal Well-Being: Old and New Concepts; Ethical, Medical, and Social Challenges and Issues; Maternal Safety, Difficult and Failed Intubation, Morbidity, and Mortality; and Anesthetic Considerations for Reproductive, In-Utero, and Non-Obstetric Procedures
Under what conditions are some developing countries able to create stable democracies while others have slid into instability and authoritarianism? To address this classic question at the center of policy and academic debates, The Promise of Power investigates a striking puzzle: why, upon the 1947 Partition of British India, was India able to establish a stable democracy while Pakistan created an unstable autocracy? Drawing on interviews, colonial correspondence, and early government records to document the genesis of two of the twentieth century's most celebrated independence movements, Maya Tudor refutes the prevailing notion that a country's democratization prospects can be directly attributed to its levels of economic development or inequality. Instead, she demonstrates that the differential strengths of India's and Pakistan's independence movements directly account for their divergent democratization trajectories. She also establishes that these movements were initially constructed to pursue historically conditioned class interests. By illuminating the source of this enduring contrast, The Promise of Power offers a broad theory of democracy's origins that will interest scholars and students of comparative politics, democratization, state-building, and South Asian political history.
An examination of how, despite similar historical contexts, India became a stable democracy post-independence, whilst Pakistan became an unstable autocracy.
The central puzzle motivating this study is, why did the regime trajectories of India and Pakistan quickly diverge within a decade of their twin independences in 1947? Empirically, both India and Pakistan seemed equally unlikely to create stable and democratic regimes. Upon independence, both countries had emerged from an extended period of British colonial rule with low levels of economic development and broadly similar state institutions. Both states were governed as infant democracies under the same legal instrument until their sovereign constituent assemblies promulgated new constitutions. Both countries were beset by refugee crises, food insecurity, as well as security challenges. And both countries were governed by single dominant parties that were supported by multi-class coalitions and which had some experience governing at provincial levels prior to independence.;Yet, within a decade of their independence, the regime trajectories of India and Pakistan had radically diverged. India promulgated a constitution enshrining elections based on universal adult franchise, held national elections in the context of full civil and political liberties, and installed an elected chief executive. Pakistan's constitution-making process stalled, with its sovereign constituent assembly being twice dismissed by an autocratic chief executive, and with eight national administrations cycling through power with increasing rapidity until the military coup of 1958 formally ended its tentative democratic experiment. These different regime trajectories involved variation in both regime type as well as regime stability.;Drawing on elite interviews, an extensive analysis of colonial government records and party documentation, among other sources, I show how the most common explanations for democratization, such as low levels of economic development or high levels of inequality, cannot convincingly account for these divergent outcomes. Instead, I argue that two inter-related but causally independent variables provide the most compelling account of the divergent outcomes: the class compositions of their independence movements and the strength as well as content of their dominant political party at independence. Class interests had a powerful but historically conditioned impact on the type of post-independence political regime each independence movement was likely to establish. Because a landed aristocracy with disproportionate access to material resources and social status led its independence movement, Pakistan was very unlikely to create a post-independence regime which institutionalized opportunities for the redeployment of resources and status to other social groups, namely a democracy. Because an urban, educated middle class with a distinct material interest in creating more representative political institutions led its independence movement, India was substantially more likely to create a post-independence democracy.;Different social classes were motivated by their class interests to strategically create political parties of varying strength (along the dimensions of ideology, alliances, and organization) which directly impacted the likelihood of post-independence regime stability. First, the creation of a programmatic nationalism in India made its political party substantially more able to broker state-building compromises (providing for regime stability) while the content of Indian nationalism meant that its regime was likely to be a democracy. Second, while the pursuit of class interests led to an alliance between segments of the middle class in India, the same pursuit in Pakistan led to the creation of an alliance between a landed aristocracy and a peasant movement, an alliance with diametrically opposed redistributive interests. Stable, shared redistributive interests within its alliance meant that India's dominant political party was better able than Pakistan's to broker state-building compromises after independence, thus providing for regime stability . Third, while India's independence movement created a centralized and disciplined party organization, Pakistan's independence movement remained a top-heavy party organization with little institutional independence from its charismatic leader. Upon independence, the presence of a centralized, representative intra-party organization in India meant that its dominant political party was more able to quickly and decisively broker state-building compromises after independence, providing for regime stability.;This dissertation provides an original explanation for a puzzling divergence in regime outcome which remains insufficiently explained by extant scholarly literature on democratization. The argument developed here highlights that while regime outcomes hinge on redistributive conflicts, that social groups choose alliances, espouse ideologies, and build political institutions in response to a status quo distribution of power. Once created, these political institutions can affect, sometimes deeply, group understandings of whether democratization and regime stability is desirable.
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