The complex interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems function to recognize and clear pathogens or transformed cells, but inefficient interactions between these two systems can result in harmful immunologic responses including chronic infections and the development of cancer. Several hallmarks of dysfunctional adaptive immune responses often detected in tumors share specific features with ineffective immunity in chronic infections. The members of the micromilieu actively participate in the process of tumorigenesis or chronification of infection by modulating innate and adaptive immune system interactions leading e.g. to insufficient T cell responses. The best example is given by the acquisition of an “exhausted” state of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) responding to chronic infections or tumors that are associated with elevated expression of inhibitory receptors and impaired cytokine response. Targeting these major inhibitory pathways by immune checkpoint blockers represents a prime example of successful clinical translation of tumor-specific immunotherapies. Understanding the mechanisms behind (mal)adaptations of the immune system is crucial for achieving therapeutic benefits. The establishment and co-evolution of a dynamic microenvironment niche constituted by the recruitment of numerous cell types dampen immune responses and thus contribute to the development of neoplastic transformation as well as infection. Although there are examples of successful immunotherapeutic approaches (CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or mRNA vaccination), a large percentage of patients with cancer or chronic infections still do not benefit from these therapies or develop severe immune-related adverse events. The reasons for these failures are not well understood. A possible explanation might be that current immunotherapies target predominantly the effector arm of the immune system by trying to reactivate dysfunctional T cells, but do not sufficiently address the influence of the innate immune system and the contributions of the tumor microenvironment (TME) niche. The main problem we would like to address in this special issue is how inappropriate function of the innate immune system affects adaptive immunity and contributes to inefficient anti-cancer immunity and chronification of infections. The central goal is to provide a more precise understanding of the various (common and novel) immune evasion mechanisms in cancers and in chronic infections to obtain a detailed map of common and disease-specific immune escape checkpoints. To that aim, we want to compile a wide array of interdisciplinary studies exploring a comparative and multi-layered analysis of mechanisms responsible for inefficient immune responses, including novel approaches i.e. multi-omics or epigenetic signaling. We would also like to combine studies from different fields, including basic and clinical immunology, oncology, and virology/microbiology. We welcome the submission of Original Research, Review, Mini-Review, Methods, Case report, and Perspective articles that cover, but are not limited to the following topics: • Convergent mechanisms supporting immune escape in preclinical models (tumors and chronic infections) • Convergent evasion mechanisms mediated by tumor-infiltrating suppressive cells (Treg, MDSC, macro-phages, soluble mediators, signaling, metabolism, ...) • Convergent immune evasion mechanisms mediated by chronic infection (viral or parasite) • Novel strategies to modulate the TME by direct or indirect targeting of immune suppressor cells. • Approaches to enhance persistence and resilience of anticancer T cells • Combinatorial therapeutic strategies (mRNA, antibodies, immune checkpoint blockers …) that target convergent immune evasion mechanisms Manuscripts consisting solely of bioinformatics or computational analysis of public genomic or transcriptomic databases which are not accompanied by robust and relevant validation (clinical cohort or biological validation in vitro or in vivo) are out of scope for this topic.
A selection of essays examining the significance of what Jewish history and Mediterranean studies contribute to our knowledge of the other. Jews and the Mediterranean considers the historical potency and uniqueness of what happens when Sephardi, Mizrahi, and Ashkenazi Jews meet in the Mediterranean region. By focusing on the specificity of the Jewish experience, the essays gathered in this volume emphasize human agency and culture over the length of Mediterranean history. This collection draws attention to what made Jewish people distinctive and warns against facile notions of Mediterranean connectivity, diversity, fluidity, and hybridity, presenting a new assessment of the Jewish experience in the Mediterranean.
Designed to provide English readers of German literature the opportunity to familiarize themselves with both the established canon and newly emerging literatures that reflect the concerns of women and ethnic minorities, the Encyclopedia of German Literature includes more than 500 entries on writers, individual work, and topics essential to an understanding of this rich literary tradition. Drawing on the expertise of an international group of experts, the essays in the encyclopedia reflect developments of the latest scholarship in German literature, culture, and history and society. In addition to the essays, author entries include biographies and works lists; and works entries provide information about first editions, selected critical editions, and English-language translations. All entries conclude with a list of further readings.
A sweeping biography that opens a window onto the gilded age of Jewish philanthropy. Baron Maurice de Hirsch was one of the emblematic figures of the nineteenth century. Above all, he was the most influential Jewish philanthropist of his time. Today Hirsch is less well known than the Rothschilds, or his gentile counterpart Andrew Carnegie, yet he was, to his contemporaries, the very embodiment of the gilded age of Jewish philanthropy. Hirsch's life provides a singular entry point for understanding Jewish philanthropy and politics in the late nineteenth century, a period when, as now, private benefactors played an outsize role in shaping the collective fate of Jewish communities. Hirsch's vast fortune derived from his role in creating the first rail line linking Western Europe with the Ottoman Empire, what came to be known as the Orient Express. Socializing with the likes of the Austrian crown prince Rudolph and "Bertie," Prince of Wales, Hirsch rose to the pinnacle of European aristocratic society, but also found himself the frequent target of vicious antisemitism. This was an era when what it meant to be Jewish—and what it meant to be European—were undergoing dramatic changes. Baron Hirsch was at the center of these historic shifts. While in his time Baron Hirsch was the subject of widespread praise, enraged political commentary, and conspiracy theories alike, his legacy is often overlooked. Responding to the crisis wrought by the mass departure of Jews from the Russian Empire at the turn of the century, Hirsch established the Jewish Colonization Association, with the goal of creating a refuge for the Jews in Argentina. When Theodor Herzl, the founder of Zionism, advertised his plan to create a Jewish state (not without inspiration from Hirsch), he still wondered whether to do so in Palestine or in Argentina—and left the question open. In The Baron, Matthias Lehmann tells the story of this remarkable figure whose life and legacy provide a key to understanding the forces that shaped modern Jewish history.
Matthias Reinhard Hoffmann identifies an angelomorphic portrait of Christ in certain passages of Revelation and provides possible reasons for the inclusion of an angelomorphic Christology: Angelomorphic Christology is not regarded as an isolated christological concept. In turn, the author compares angelomorphic Christology with the prominent Lamb Christology of Revelation. A comparison of these concepts reveals that both Lamb and angelomorphic Christology serve the purpose of contrasting different functions of Christ. The functions correspond with the implied perception of Christ by his followers on the one hand and his opponents on the other. Accordingly, Christ appears to be an eschatological juridical figure (described in angelomorphic patterns) to his opposition, while he is perceived as salvific redeemer (in form of the Lamb) by those who believe in him. Such a christological perspective draws on traditions from the Exodus narrative, namely the features of the Passover Lamb and the Destroying Angel. Further, equality between God and Christ is established despite an angelomorphic portrait of Christ: especially those passages describing Christ as the Lamb put him on par with God. But also within visions with an angelomorphic description of Christ, his status as superior to angels and as an equal to God is displayed.
We live in a world of science. Yet this is impossible without a legally guaranteed freedom to practise it. Findings with regard to the elements of such freedom can be deduced from an analysis of international and domestic provisions and principles. There are a plethora of international institutions, legal rules and global norms for the purpose of the international governance of science. The institutions and rules are to be interpreted in light of this freedom to guarantee the continuous existence of the knowledge-based society by means of a global administrative law of science. These aspects were analysed in a research project funded by the German Research Foundation. The book’s purpose is to present the jurisprudential results. In addition, empirical results are collected in a freely available database. The study is composed of 5 parts: The Concept of Science/Global Administrative Law/Constitutional Basis: The Freedom of Science/Institutional Design/Governance Mechanisms.
Many product markets have gone global already. Others are following. The globalization of markets is well understood by business. It has also come to dominate the economic policy agenda of nation states and supranational organizations. They all compete for inward investment to create and preserve employment opportunities. Economic law is one of several parameters in the global competition of systems. This study takes note of that new and additional function of economic law. Part I sets out to examine the making of economic law by states, by business and by international and supranational organizations. Part II discusses some of the main rules of substantive economic law divided into chapters on market law, transactions law and property rights law, and Part III addresses key issues of enforcement by the executive branch, on the one hand, and by the judiciary and arbitral tribunals, on the other. Each of the 32 chapters contains an essay on a current cross-border related problem of economic law, often as reflected in recent case law. Nearly 300 cases are discussed, or at least referred to, in that way. They were selected from international case law and from cases decided by EC, US and German courts (and courts of ten more countries) as well as by ICC, ICSID and other arbitral tribunals. The introductory notes to, and summaries of, the various parts and chapters integrate economic and political theory, and provide the common thread. The overall conclusion is to advocate a transnational approach, problem oriented and cutting right across all layers of sources of law (international, supranational, national and transnational law). It distinguishes neatly between public and private law aspects of economic law but decidedly treats them together. The book is of interest to academia and practitioners, both for references to current problems and for a vue d'ensemble. Advanced students might use the book to understand the logic of today's economic law. In addition to decades of research in international economic law, the author capitalizes on his exposure to a wide array of practical issues as well as on six years of English language teaching in Geneva. STUDIES IN TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 20
This richly illustrated textbook explores the amazing interaction between combinatorics, geometry, number theory, and analysis which arises in the interplay between polyhedra and lattices. Highly accessible to advanced undergraduates, as well as beginning graduate students, this second edition is perfect for a capstone course, and adds two new chapters, many new exercises, and updated open problems. For scientists, this text can be utilized as a self-contained tooling device. The topics include a friendly invitation to Ehrhart’s theory of counting lattice points in polytopes, finite Fourier analysis, the Frobenius coin-exchange problem, Dedekind sums, solid angles, Euler–Maclaurin summation for polytopes, computational geometry, magic squares, zonotopes, and more. With more than 300 exercises and open research problems, the reader is an active participant, carried through diverse but tightly woven mathematical fields that are inspired by an innocently elementary question: What are the relationships between the continuous volume of a polytope and its discrete volume? Reviews of the first edition: “You owe it to yourself to pick up a copy of Computing the Continuous Discretely to read about a number of interesting problems in geometry, number theory, and combinatorics.” — MAA Reviews “The book is written as an accessible and engaging textbook, with many examples, historical notes, pithy quotes, commentary integrating the mate rial, exercises, open problems and an extensive bibliography.” — Zentralblatt MATH “This beautiful book presents, at a level suitable for advanced undergraduates, a fairly complete introduction to the problem of counting lattice points inside a convex polyhedron.” — Mathematical Reviews “Many departments recognize the need for capstone courses in which graduating students can see the tools they have acquired come together in some satisfying way. Beck and Robins have written the perfect text for such a course.” — CHOICE
For every company that is active internationally, a systematically operated cross-national marketing management is indispensable in order to secure its own existence in the long term. The rapid changes on many markets and in many countries also mean that professional information gathering and processing of market-relevant data must take place within the framework of international market research. Based on this data, market-oriented decisions have to be made within international marketing management in order to achieve operational goals. This book deals not only with the "classic" topics of international marketing, such as international market research and the international use of individual marketing instruments, but also with the various management sub-functions of planning, controlling, organization and human resources management in internationally active companies, each with a specific reference to marketing in the sense of market-oriented corporate management. The theoretically presented correlations are enriched by current data on the relevant framework conditions on international markets, empirical findings on the individual fields of action of international marketing management as well as numerous current examples from entrepreneurial practice. With this comprehensive presentation of international marketing management, the authors address lecturers and students as well as practitioners who deal with marketing issues in an international context.
This research monograph discusses the close correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of thin films in the context of numerous examples of epitaxial metal films, while emphasis is laid on the stabilization of novel structures compared to the bulk material. Further options, possibilities, and limits for applications are given. Techniques for the characterization of thin films are addressed as well.
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