This book has the highest impact factor of all publications ranked by ISI within polymer science. It contains short and concise reports on physics and chemistry of polymers, each written by the world renowned experts. It remains valid and useful after 5 or 10 years. The electronic version is available free of charge for standing order customers at: springer.com/series/12/.
The complex interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems function to recognize and clear pathogens or transformed cells, but inefficient interactions between these two systems can result in harmful immunologic responses including chronic infections and the development of cancer. Several hallmarks of dysfunctional adaptive immune responses often detected in tumors share specific features with ineffective immunity in chronic infections. The members of the micromilieu actively participate in the process of tumorigenesis or chronification of infection by modulating innate and adaptive immune system interactions leading e.g. to insufficient T cell responses. The best example is given by the acquisition of an “exhausted” state of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) responding to chronic infections or tumors that are associated with elevated expression of inhibitory receptors and impaired cytokine response. Targeting these major inhibitory pathways by immune checkpoint blockers represents a prime example of successful clinical translation of tumor-specific immunotherapies. Understanding the mechanisms behind (mal)adaptations of the immune system is crucial for achieving therapeutic benefits. The establishment and co-evolution of a dynamic microenvironment niche constituted by the recruitment of numerous cell types dampen immune responses and thus contribute to the development of neoplastic transformation as well as infection. Although there are examples of successful immunotherapeutic approaches (CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or mRNA vaccination), a large percentage of patients with cancer or chronic infections still do not benefit from these therapies or develop severe immune-related adverse events. The reasons for these failures are not well understood. A possible explanation might be that current immunotherapies target predominantly the effector arm of the immune system by trying to reactivate dysfunctional T cells, but do not sufficiently address the influence of the innate immune system and the contributions of the tumor microenvironment (TME) niche. The main problem we would like to address in this special issue is how inappropriate function of the innate immune system affects adaptive immunity and contributes to inefficient anti-cancer immunity and chronification of infections. The central goal is to provide a more precise understanding of the various (common and novel) immune evasion mechanisms in cancers and in chronic infections to obtain a detailed map of common and disease-specific immune escape checkpoints. To that aim, we want to compile a wide array of interdisciplinary studies exploring a comparative and multi-layered analysis of mechanisms responsible for inefficient immune responses, including novel approaches i.e. multi-omics or epigenetic signaling. We would also like to combine studies from different fields, including basic and clinical immunology, oncology, and virology/microbiology. We welcome the submission of Original Research, Review, Mini-Review, Methods, Case report, and Perspective articles that cover, but are not limited to the following topics: • Convergent mechanisms supporting immune escape in preclinical models (tumors and chronic infections) • Convergent evasion mechanisms mediated by tumor-infiltrating suppressive cells (Treg, MDSC, macro-phages, soluble mediators, signaling, metabolism, ...) • Convergent immune evasion mechanisms mediated by chronic infection (viral or parasite) • Novel strategies to modulate the TME by direct or indirect targeting of immune suppressor cells. • Approaches to enhance persistence and resilience of anticancer T cells • Combinatorial therapeutic strategies (mRNA, antibodies, immune checkpoint blockers …) that target convergent immune evasion mechanisms Manuscripts consisting solely of bioinformatics or computational analysis of public genomic or transcriptomic databases which are not accompanied by robust and relevant validation (clinical cohort or biological validation in vitro or in vivo) are out of scope for this topic.
The book develops a comprehensive understanding of the surface impedance of the oxide high-temperature superconductors in comparison with the conventional superconductor Nb3Sn. Linear and nonlinear microwave responses are treated separately, both in terms of models, theories or numerical approaches and in terms of experimental results. The theoretical treatment connects fundamental aspects of superconductivity to the specific high-frequency properties. The experimental data review the state of the art, as reported by many international groups. The book describes further the main features of appropriate preparation, handling, mounting, and refrigeration techniques, and finally discusses possible applications in passive and active microwave devices.
There has been a growing awareness that ambiguity is not just a necessary evil of the language system resulting, for instance, from its need for economy, or, by contrast, a blessing that allows writers to involve readers in endless games of assigning meaning to a literary text. The present volume contributes to overcoming this alternative by focusing on strategies of ambiguity (and the strategic avoidance of ambiguity) both at the production and the reception end of communication. The authors examine ways in which speakers and hearers may use ambiguous words, structures, references, and situations to pursue communicative ends. For example, the question is asked what it actually means when a listener strategically perceives ambiguity, which may happen both synchronically (e.g. in conversations) as well as diachronically (e.g. when strategically ambiguating biblical texts in order to make them applicable to moral lessons). Another example is the question whether ambiguity awareness increases the strategic use of ambiguity in prosody. Moreover, the authors not only enquire into effects of ambiguous meanings but also into the strategic use of ambiguity as such, for example, as a response to censorship or as a means of provoking irritation. This volume brings together several contributions from linguistics, literary studies, rhetoric, psychology and theology, and aims at providing a systematic approach to the strategic production and perception of ambiguity in a variety of texts and contexts. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
In a time of unprecedented transformation as society seeks to build a more sustainable future, education plays an increasingly central role in training key agents of change. This book asks how we can equip students and scholars with the capabilities to promote sustainability and how the higher education curriculum can be changed to facilitate the paradigm shift needed. Across the globe, a rising number of higher education institutions and academics are responding to these questions by transforming their own teaching and learning and their institutions’ curricula. This book contributes to that development by examining in-depth case studies of innovative approaches and curriculum changes at multiple levels of the education sector. Elaborating key principles of higher education for sustainable development and identifying drivers and barriers to implementing sustainability in the curriculum, the book provides a comprehensive overview of what makes higher education for sustainable development a unique field of research and practice, as well as offering a coherent narrative of how change can be effected in it. This much-needed book is a valuable resource to inform, guide and inspire students, academics, administrators and community partners, whether experienced or new to the field, whether already committed or not to higher education for sustainable development in an age of transformation.
The Nagoya Protocol is an unprecedented international environmental agreement that equally addresses development, distributive justice, and environmental sustainability. With a balanced view of the various possible interpretations of the Protocol provisions, in light of different national and regional perspectives, and a systematic highlighting of its legal innovations, Unraveling the Nagoya Protocol: A Commentary on the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing to the Convention on Biological Diversity will serve as a seminal work for all those interested in the environment, human rights, economics and both legal and scientific innovations.
The first English edition of this book was pubUshed in 1971 with the late Prof. Dr. Werner Kern as coauthor. In 1997, for the preparation of the third edition, Prof. Dr. Helmut Ritter joined the team of authors and in 2001 Prof. Dr. Brigitte Voit and Prof. Dr. Matthias Rehahn complemented this team. The change in authors has not altered the basic concept of this 4th edition: again we were not aimed at compiling a comprehensive collection of recipes. In stead, we attempted to reach a broader description of the general methods and techniques for the synthesis, modification, and characterization of macromo- cules, supplemented by 105 selected and detailed experiments and by sufficient theoretical treatment so that no additional textbook be needed in order to under stand the experiments. In addition to the preparative aspects we have also tried to give the reader an impression of the relation of chemical structure and mor phology of polymers to their properties, as well as of areas of their application.
Designed to provide English readers of German literature the opportunity to familiarize themselves with both the established canon and newly emerging literatures that reflect the concerns of women and ethnic minorities, the Encyclopedia of German Literature includes more than 500 entries on writers, individual work, and topics essential to an understanding of this rich literary tradition. Drawing on the expertise of an international group of experts, the essays in the encyclopedia reflect developments of the latest scholarship in German literature, culture, and history and society. In addition to the essays, author entries include biographies and works lists; and works entries provide information about first editions, selected critical editions, and English-language translations. All entries conclude with a list of further readings.
To solve real-world issues, the model of transdisciplinary research, which uses approaches from both the hard and social sciences, has recently come to the forefront. It allows researchers to look at a problem from many angles, with the goal of making both societal and scientific advances. This primer provides scholars with a model for this type of work, while offering a description of methods for knowledge integration that can be applied to any field, making it an indispensable guide for every transdisciplinary researcher and teacher
Explore the multidisciplinary nature of complex networks through machine learning techniques Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches for Network Analysis provides an accessible framework for structurally analyzing graphs by bringing together known and novel approaches on graph classes and graph measures for classification. By providing different approaches based on experimental data, the book uniquely sets itself apart from the current literature by exploring the application of machine learning techniques to various types of complex networks. Comprised of chapters written by internationally renowned researchers in the field of interdisciplinary network theory, the book presents current and classical methods to analyze networks statistically. Methods from machine learning, data mining, and information theory are strongly emphasized throughout. Real data sets are used to showcase the discussed methods and topics, which include: A survey of computational approaches to reconstruct and partition biological networks An introduction to complex networks—measures, statistical properties, and models Modeling for evolving biological networks The structure of an evolving random bipartite graph Density-based enumeration in structured data Hyponym extraction employing a weighted graph kernel Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches for Network Analysis is an excellent supplemental text for graduate-level, cross-disciplinary courses in applied discrete mathematics, bioinformatics, pattern recognition, and computer science. The book is also a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in the fields of applied discrete mathematics, machine learning, data mining, and biostatistics.
Matthias Eckermann analyzes how venture capitalists (VCs) integrate information efficiency considerations into their exit strategies. He shows that VCs adopt specific strategies to cope with information gaps upon exit in terms of timing, exit vehicles and promotion efforts. On this basis he develops a framework to help VCs to improve profitability through decisive exit strategies.
Waste-to-Resources ist die weltweit bedeutendste Tagung zu den stoffspezifischen Abfallbehandlungsverfahren und der Verwertung von gemischten sowie Restabfällen. Die Beiträge im Tagungsband widmen sich u.a. folgenden Themenbereichen: • Konzepte und Daten zur Weiterentwicklung Abfallwirtschaft • Abfalltechnik und neue Verfahren • Kreislaufwirtschaft während der Corona-Krise • Kunststoffabfälle • Verflüssigung und chemisches Recycling • Wasserstoffwirtschaft • Brandschutz in Abfallbehandlungs- und Recyclinganlagen • Abfallmanagement und Zero-Waste-Strategien • Praktische Erfahrungen und neue Anlagenkonzepte • Aufbereitung und Rückgewinnung von organischen Abfallfraktionen • Rückgewinnung von Metallen und Edelmetallen • Mineralische und Bauabfälle • Abfallwirtschaft und Verwertung für ausgewählte Abfallarten • Abtrennung und Aufbereitung von Abfallfraktionen • Nassmechanische und dampfbasierte Trenn- und Aufbereitungsverfahren • Pyrolyse, Plasma, Vergasung • Schlackenverwertung • Geomechanische Eigenschaften des MBT-Outputs • Abfallwirtschaft in Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländern
The deciphering of Egypt's hieroglyphic writing provided the key to a forgotten world - the great civilization of Ancient Egypt, with its pyramids of Giza, the treasures of Tutankhamun, and the temple city of Karnak.
Forests take up gaseous, liquid and particulate substances that are present in the air. Although considered nutrients on the one hand, nitrogen inputs exceeding the critical load that can be absorbed by an ecosystem act as pollutants. This chapter outlines the effects of N deposition to forest ecosystems and discusses recent progress that has been made to more accurately quantify dry deposition, which at many a forest location in Europe is larger than wet and occult deposition. To quantify the effects of N deposition on tree growth, a good measure for net ecosystem production (NEP) is needed. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements are one established way to quantify NEP. While EC flux measurements are costly and remain restricted in their application to a few suitable locations, dendrometer measurements with high temporal resolution show a similar seasonal and annual signal to NEP. Such measurements are becoming increasingly important to quantify ecosystem biomass accumulation, which can be related to N deposition rates. The policy relevance of such activities emerges from the UNECE's Gothenburg protocol to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone, but also the quantification of natural sinks under the Kyoto protocol profits from such measurements.
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