Motivation for This Book The OPC Foundation provides specifications for data exchange in industrial au- mation. There is a long history of COM/DCOM-based specifications, most pro- nent OPC Data Access (DA), OPC Alarms and Events (A&E), and OPC Historical Data Access (HDA), which are widely accepted in the industry and implemented by almost every system targeting industrial automation. Now the OPC Foundation has released a new generation of OPC specifications called OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). With OPC UA, the OPC Foundation fulfills a technology shift from the retiring COM/DCOM technology to a servi- oriented architecture providing data in a platform-independent manner via Web Services or its own optimized TCP-based protocol. OPC UA unifies the previous specifications into one single address space capable of dealing with current data, alarms and events and the history of current data as well as the event history. A remarkable enhancement of OPC UA is the Address Space Model by which v- dors can expose a rich and extensible information model using object-oriented techniques. OPC UA scales well from intelligent devices, controllers, DCS, and SCADA systems up to MES and ERP systems. It also scales well in its ability to provide information; on the lower end, a model similar to Classic OPC can be used, providing only base information, while at the upper end, highly sophisticated models can be described, providing a large amount of metadata including complex type hierarchies.
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,3, University of Northampton, course: The political economy of China, 21 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The Three Gorges Dam, one of the largest engineering projects in the history of mankind, is on the brink of completion. The construction started in 1994 and once completed in 2009, it will be the world's largest men-made reservoir with a capacity of nearly 40 billion m3 and a length of 663km, and will finally submerge an area of 1040km2. (Miller et al.2005; Yong n.d.) The dam is located in Hubei province on the Yangtze, China's longest river and the third longest river worldwide. (International Rivers Network 2004) Sun Yat-sen first proposed the idea of this hydroelectric dam in 1919, but due to war, civil war and revolution the plan was shelved. Mao revived the thought in the mid 50s because of major floods, but the chaos of the Cultural Revolution buried it again until the economic reforms in the 70s and 80s underlined the urgent need for electricity for the rapidly growing country. (Reference.com 2006; Wikipedia n.d.; Kennedy 2001; Starr 2001) Premier Li Peng finally pushed it through the rubber-stamping National People's Congress in 1992, but the project was so highly controversial, that a level of opposition occurred that was unprecedented before. (166 delegates voted against the project, nearly one third abstained). (Starr 2001; Gamer 2003; Cannon 2000) At the moment, as the dam nears completion, the dispute between supporters and opponents continues within China as well as overseas. In my essay, I want to bring forward the main arguments whether the Three Gorges Dam is a good thing for China or not. In the following section I will highlight the multiple benefits of this project. Subsequently, after going into detail concerning its disadvantages, I will finally survey if a single statement is possible and appropriate whether or not this
Motivation for This Book The OPC Foundation provides specifications for data exchange in industrial au- mation. There is a long history of COM/DCOM-based specifications, most pro- nent OPC Data Access (DA), OPC Alarms and Events (A&E), and OPC Historical Data Access (HDA), which are widely accepted in the industry and implemented by almost every system targeting industrial automation. Now the OPC Foundation has released a new generation of OPC specifications called OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). With OPC UA, the OPC Foundation fulfills a technology shift from the retiring COM/DCOM technology to a servi- oriented architecture providing data in a platform-independent manner via Web Services or its own optimized TCP-based protocol. OPC UA unifies the previous specifications into one single address space capable of dealing with current data, alarms and events and the history of current data as well as the event history. A remarkable enhancement of OPC UA is the Address Space Model by which v- dors can expose a rich and extensible information model using object-oriented techniques. OPC UA scales well from intelligent devices, controllers, DCS, and SCADA systems up to MES and ERP systems. It also scales well in its ability to provide information; on the lower end, a model similar to Classic OPC can be used, providing only base information, while at the upper end, highly sophisticated models can be described, providing a large amount of metadata including complex type hierarchies.
This book presents original findings on tunable microwave metamaterial structures, and describes the theoretical and practical issues involved in the design of metamaterial devices. Special emphasis is given to tunable elements and their advantages in terms of feeding network simplification. Different biasing schemes and feeding network topologies are presented, together with extensive prototype measurements and simulations. The book describes a novel, unique solution for beam steering and beam forming applications, and thus paves the way for the diffusion of new agile communication system components. At the same time, it provides readers with an outstanding and timely review of wave propagation in periodic structures, tunability of metamaterials and the technological constraints that need to be considered in the design of reconfigurable microwave components.
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,3, University of Northampton, course: The political economy of China, 21 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The Three Gorges Dam, one of the largest engineering projects in the history of mankind, is on the brink of completion. The construction started in 1994 and once completed in 2009, it will be the world's largest men-made reservoir with a capacity of nearly 40 billion m3 and a length of 663km, and will finally submerge an area of 1040km2. (Miller et al.2005; Yong n.d.) The dam is located in Hubei province on the Yangtze, China's longest river and the third longest river worldwide. (International Rivers Network 2004) Sun Yat-sen first proposed the idea of this hydroelectric dam in 1919, but due to war, civil war and revolution the plan was shelved. Mao revived the thought in the mid 50s because of major floods, but the chaos of the Cultural Revolution buried it again until the economic reforms in the 70s and 80s underlined the urgent need for electricity for the rapidly growing country. (Reference.com 2006; Wikipedia n.d.; Kennedy 2001; Starr 2001) Premier Li Peng finally pushed it through the rubber-stamping National People's Congress in 1992, but the project was so highly controversial, that a level of opposition occurred that was unprecedented before. (166 delegates voted against the project, nearly one third abstained). (Starr 2001; Gamer 2003; Cannon 2000) At the moment, as the dam nears completion, the dispute between supporters and opponents continues within China as well as overseas. In my essay, I want to bring forward the main arguments whether the Three Gorges Dam is a good thing for China or not. In the following section I will highlight the multiple benefits of this project. Subsequently, after going into detail concerning its disadvantages, I will finally survey if a single statement is possible and appropriate whether or not this
Many of the buildings erected during the era of National Socialism are still standing in downtown Berlin today. In this architecture guide Matthias Donath, building and art historian, presents thirty typical examples of Third Reich architecture. Almost all of the buildings from this period are preserved except for the Reich Chancellery where only traces remain. In addition to ministries, administration centers and embassies, the author describes bunkers, office buildings and a house of the Hitler Youth. The Tempelhof Airport and Olympic grounds are well-known even outside of Berlin. The buildings presented in the book show how diverse the architecture was during these years. The author explains their different functions as well as their intended political message and how they were used for propaganda. Historical photos show the original buildings. Visitors to Berlin and Berlin residents curious about their city’s history will find this book illuminating. The sites are easy to find with the help of a map. Thirty buildings from Berlin’s inner districts are described in this architecture guide, including traces of the Reich Chancellery, various ministries, the Reich National Bank, air-raid and anti-aircraft bunkers, embassies, the Tempelhof Airport, the exhibition and convention grounds, business offices, a model house for the Hitler Youth, the Reich Sports Field (Olympic stadium) and the ensemble at Fehrbelliner Platz.
This is the third in the five-yearly series of surveys of what is happening in rock art studies around the world. As always, the texts reflect something of the great differences in approach and emphasis that exist in different regions. The volume presents examples from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World. During the period in question, 1999 to 2004, there have been few major events, although in the field of Pleistocene art many new discoveries have been made, and a new country added to the select list of those with Ice Age cave art. Some regions such as North Africa and the former USSR have seen a tremendous amount of activity, focusing not only on recording but also on chronology, and the conservation of sites. With the global increase of tourism, the management of rock art sites that are accessible to the public is a theme of ever-growing importance.
This is the third in the five-yearly series of surveys of what is happening in rock art studies around the world. As always, the texts reflect something of the great differences in approach and emphasis that exist in different regions. The volume presents examples from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World. During the period in question, 1999 to 2004, there have been few major events, although in the field of Pleistocene art many new discoveries have been made, and a new country added to the select list of those with Ice Age cave art. Some regions such as North Africa and the former USSR have seen a tremendous amount of activity, focusing not only on recording but also on chronology, and the conservation of sites. With the global increase of tourism, the management of rock art sites that are accessible to the public is a theme of ever-growing importance.
In this thesis, we study model predictive control (MPC) schemes for control tasks which go beyond the classical objective of setpoint stabilization. In particular, we consider two classes of such control problems, namely distributed MPC for cooperative control in networks of multiple interconnected systems, and economic MPC, where the main focus is on the optimization of some general performance criterion which is possibly related to the economics of a system. The contributions of this thesis are to analyze various systems theoretic properties occurring in these type of control problems, and to develop distributed and economic MPC schemes with certain desired (closed-loop) guarantees. To be more precise, in the field of distributed MPC we propose different algorithms which are suitable for general cooperative control tasks in networks of interacting systems. We show that the developed distributed MPC frameworks are such that the desired cooperative goal is achieved, while coupling constraints between the systems are satisfied. Furthermore, we discuss implementation and scalability issues for the derived algorithms, as well as the necessary communication requirements between the systems. In the field of economic MPC, the contributions of this thesis are threefold. Firstly, we analyze a crucial dissipativity condition, in particular its necessity for optimal steady-state operation of a system and its robustness with respect to parameter changes. Secondly, we develop economic MPC schemes which also take average constraints into account. Thirdly, we propose an economic MPC framework with self-tuning terminal cost and a generalized terminal constraint, and we show how self-tuning update rules for the terminal weight can be derived such that desirable closed-loop performance bounds can be established.
In the 1920s Germany was in the grip of social and political turmoil: its citizens were disillusioned by defeat in World War I, the failure of revolution, the disintegration of their social system, and inflation of rampant proportions. Curiously, as this important book shows, these years of upheaval were also a time of creative ferment and innovative accomplishment in literature, theater, film, and art. Glitter and Doom is the first publication to focus exclusively on portraits dating from the short-lived Weimar Republic. It features forty paintings and sixty drawings by key artists, including Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, and George Grosz. Their works epitomize Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), in particular the branch of that new form of realism called Verism, which took as its subject contemporary phenomena such as war, social problems, and moral decay. Subjects of their incisive portraits are the artists' own contemporaries: actors, poets, prostitutes, and profiteers, as well as doctors, lawyers, businessmen, and other respectable citizens. The accompanying texts reveal how these portraits hold up a mirror to the glittering, vital, doomed society that was obliterated when Hitler came to power.
This volume gives the proceedings of the ninth Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). This annual symposium is held alternately in France and Germany and is organized jointly by the Special Interest Group for Fundamental Computer Science of the Association Francaise des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et des Syst mes (AFCET) and the Special Interest Group for Theoretical Computer Science of the Gesellschaft f}r Informatik (GI). The volume includes three invited lectures and sections on parallel algorithms, logic and semantics, computational geometry, automata and languages, structural complexity, computational geometry and learning theory, complexity and communication, distributed systems, complexity, algorithms, cryptography, VLSI, words and rewriting, and systems.
This book investigates what enterprises can do and/or what should it be capable of in order to accelerate organizational changes. Therefore, a capability-based method is developed, which assists in the identification, structuring and management of capabilities. The approach is embedded in a process comprising four building blocks that provide appropriate procedures, concepts and supporting tools evolved from theory and practical use cases. The guide represents a flexible method for capability newcomers and experienced audiences to optimize enterprises’ economic impacts of EAM supporting the alignment of business and IT.
This study examines the cultural and literary significance of the hotel as a setting of choice in German/Austrian literature between 1890 and 1945."--BOOK JACKET.
We live in a world of science. Yet this is impossible without a legally guaranteed freedom to practise it. Findings with regard to the elements of such freedom can be deduced from an analysis of international and domestic provisions and principles. There are a plethora of international institutions, legal rules and global norms for the purpose of the international governance of science. The institutions and rules are to be interpreted in light of this freedom to guarantee the continuous existence of the knowledge-based society by means of a global administrative law of science. These aspects were analysed in a research project funded by the German Research Foundation. The book’s purpose is to present the jurisprudential results. In addition, empirical results are collected in a freely available database. The study is composed of 5 parts: The Concept of Science/Global Administrative Law/Constitutional Basis: The Freedom of Science/Institutional Design/Governance Mechanisms.
Saudi Arabia is generally and justifiably viewed as a country with some of the fewest democratic institutions and the weakest traditions of pluralism. It is therefore surprising to learn that at least in one corner of the Saudi world, there can be found a plurality of opinions and lively debate. Jorg Matthias Determann brings this element to light by analysing an important field of cultural activity in Saudi Arabia: historical writing. Since the 1920s local, tribal, Shi'i and dynastic histories have contributed to a growing plurality of narratives. Paradoxically, this happened because of the expansion of the Saudi state, including state provision of mass education. It was also due to globalizing processes, such as the spread of the internet. In challenging the widely-held perception of Saudi Arabia as an irredeemably closed and monolithic society, Historiography in Saudi Arabia provides a deeper understanding of modern Arab historiography, the Saudi state, and education and scholarship in the Middle East.
One of the central questions in psycholinguistics is how complex words are processed in the human mind. German ver-Verbs: Internal Word Structure and Lexical Processing explores the visual word recognition of German ver-verbs. Superficially, ver-verbs are uniform: they all begin with the sequence ver-. However, their internal structure is heterogeneous. Based on the results of various experimental designs, this book shows that the internal structure of ver-verbs is of paramount importance to their processing. Thus, the human mind employs different strategies for the processing of different types of complex words. This book is a useful companion for German, morphology, and psycholinguistics courses.
Markets have become the favoured means for re-engineering public services, to reduce costs while increasing innovation, performance, accountability to taxpayers, and responsiveness to clients. This book provides a new conceptualization of the markets, the dilemmas and tradeoffs they generate, and the differing services and workplaces that result.
Designed to provide English readers of German literature the opportunity to familiarize themselves with both the established canon and newly emerging literatures that reflect the concerns of women and ethnic minorities, the Encyclopedia of German Literature includes more than 500 entries on writers, individual work, and topics essential to an understanding of this rich literary tradition. Drawing on the expertise of an international group of experts, the essays in the encyclopedia reflect developments of the latest scholarship in German literature, culture, and history and society. In addition to the essays, author entries include biographies and works lists; and works entries provide information about first editions, selected critical editions, and English-language translations. All entries conclude with a list of further readings.
Ingenieurbiologie versteht sich als biologisch ausgerichtete Ingenieurtechnik im Erd- und Wasserbau. Ihr Ziel ist die Sicherung erosionsgefährdeter Gesteins- und Bodenschichten mit einer schützenden und festigenden Pflanzendecke. Der Begriff "Ingenieurbiologie" deckt sich ganz oder teilweise mit Umschreibungen wie "lebende Verbauung", "Lebendverbau", "Grünverbau", "biologische Verbauung" oder "naturnaher Wasserbau". Ingenieurbiologische Bauwerke sind in vielen Fällen Alternativen zu "harten" Verbauungen, gewinnen aber im Gegensatz zu diesen mit zunehmendem Alter an Leistungsfähigkeit, indem sie sich zu höheren Pflanzengesellschaften weiterentwickeln. Damit leisten sie einen wesentlichen ökologischen Beitrag. Das viersprachige Wörterbuch dient Planern und Praktikern als Hilfsmittel, um die bereits bestehende internationale Zusammenarbeit zu festigen. Soil bioengineering is a biologically orientated engineering technique in earth and water construction. The aim is the stabilisation of erosive soil- and rocklayers by a protecting coverage of vegetation. In many cases soil bioengineering constructions are alternatives to "hard" constructions. Contrary to hard constructions, soil bioengineering constructions become more resistant with increasing age, because they develop to higher plant communities. At the global conference on sustainable development and environment protection in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, soil bioengineering was recommended as a technology that supports sustainable use ot natural resources. This technology should be advanced in the industrialised countries, on the one hand, and be specifically employed in such developing countries that suffer greatly from erosion, on the other.
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