Bounded Meaning investigates the dynamics of interpretation: how and why the interpretation of the building blocks of human language is sensitive, not just to the context in which the expression is used, but also to the expression's linguistic environment—in other words, how and why interpretation depends not just on global information, but also on local information. Matthew Mandelkern motivates a range of generalizations about the dynamics of interpretation, some known and some novel, involving modals, conditionals, and anaphora, and an overview of the best extant theory of those patterns, dynamic semantics, is provided. After bringing out the striking motivations and successes of that framework, the discussion turns to criticisms of dynamic semantics, focusing on its puzzling predictions about the logic of natural language. In response to these problems, Mandelkern develops a novel framework for explaining dynamic phenomena without dynamic semantics: the bounded theory of meaning. On the bounded theory, dynamic phenomena arise from the interaction of two dimensions of meaning. One dimension is a standard truth-conditional layer, which, relative to a context of use, associates each sentence with a proposition. The second dimension, the dimension of bounds, limits the admissible interpretations of an expression, relative to the expression's context of use and its local information. Bounds thus play an essential role in coordinating on the resolution of context-sensitive language, explaining dynamic effects in natural language while avoiding a variety of problematic predictions of dynamic semantics.
There are several tests used in clinical practice and research worldwide that have been devised to assess the functions subsumed by the frontal lobes of the brain. Anatomical localisation has revealed that the frontal lobes can be divided into sub-regions with different functional domains. As a result, a number of authors working in the frontal lobe literature have made a case for patients with frontal lobe damage to be considered in their distinct subgroups, rather than considered together in one unitary group. As a result, it is important for clinicians and researchers to be made aware of the functions assessed by individual frontal tests and understand which frontal regions might be impaired in their patient groups, as patients with damage to one of these regions will perform poorly on tasks tapping that region yet may perform well on tasks tapping the unaffected regions within the frontal lobes. The 'Handbook of frontal lobe assessment' provides a critical review and appraisal of both the neuropsychological and experimental tests that have been devised to assess frontal lobe functions. It includes many tests that have not been included in previously published neuropsychological compendia. Throughout, the book discusses the available frontal tests in relation to patient and lesion data, neuroimaging data and aging data in order to offer clinicians and researchers the opportunity to choose the best assessment instrument for their purpose.
The Book of Wisdom's understanding of Israel's history, of contemporary politics and of the immortal fate of the persecuted sage can be understood to be part of one theological system. This system integrates texts and concepts from Jewish Wisdom, the biblical narratives of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses, eschatological hope and apocalyptic language, an understanding of the spirit of God in the enabling of prophets and leaders and, most distinctively, the Stoic concept of pneuma. This last concept unites the biblical resources and allows Wisdom, using eschatological language, to speak of the ordering of the cosmos for the judgement for the wicked and the exaltation of God's people in the present age.Matthew Edwards addresses first the question of the literary unity of Wisdom. This is followed by an examination of the differing uses of the term pneuma within Wisdom, that is as divine agent of salvation, the means of the ordering the cosmos and the substance from which souls are composed. The nature of personal salvation within Wisdom is also considered and shown to be an integral part of the understanding of the cosmos, ordered for judgement and exaltation. Finally, this notion of the ordering of the comos and history for God's people is discussed with its consequences for Jewish life under contemporary Hellenistic and Roman rule.
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