In industrialized and developing countries, preterm birth (live delivery before 39 weeks of gestation) is both a leading cause of neonatal death and a major risk factor for respiratory, neurological, and cognitive disabilities in those infants who survive to adolescence. Intrauterine infection is considered a leading cause of preterm birth; data from clinical and experimental studies suggest that in utero infection accounts for upward of 40% of preterm deliveries. This chapter is written with two aims: the first is to provide the reader with an introduction to infection-associated preterm birth, highlighting the importance of animal-based studies in the development of this field; and the second, adopting a practical focus, is designed to provide the reader with technical insight into the use of sheep as a model organism for the study of fetal inflammatory responses to the presence of microbial agonist in the uterine sphere.
The most comprehensive book on waveguide nonlinear optic devices, this volume presents a systematic description of the NLO field, with an emphasis on devices that use ferroelectric waveguides. It ranges from an introduction to the concepts of waveguides to the most recent experimental results.
This brief is concerned with the fundamentals of corrosion of metallic materials and electrochemistry for better understanding of corrosion phenomena. Corrosion is related to both the environment and material properties, induced by electrochemical reactions at the interface between metallic materials and the environment as in aqueous and gaseous phases. In order to understand corrosion phenomena, knowledge of electrochemistry is thus required, and to investigate the cause of corrosion damage, appropriate electrochemical experiments must be performed. Corrosion scientists should therefore possess knowledge of both electrochemistry and its related experimental techniques. In this book, corrosion phenomena are introduced from the electrochemical aspect. Electrochemical techniques for the study of corrosion are then described with other techniques that can be combined with electrochemistry. Because this brief is characterized as starting with the fundamentals of corrosion and electrochemistry, it is accessible to undergraduate students as well as to graduate students who are beginning corrosion research.
An essential resource for individuals entering the field of second language (L2) teaching and learning, this book provides a complete set of instructional materials written in accessible language. Providing enough material to use for an entire semester, the book offers exciting activities for the L2 classroom, alongside outlining the theories and research that support them, including how to connect theory with practice. Each chapter includes: extensive and up-to-date content presented in a clear, engaging, and accessible manner; pre- and post-reading activities to help students connect the topics to their own lives; pedagogical guidelines with practical suggestions; summaries of empirical studies in non-technical, jargon-free language; end-of-chapter assignments which re-enforce students' learning and relate directly to the content. The book concludes with a compelling chapter on the research–practice dialogue. Online resources include lecture slides for instructors and audio files.
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