This Fourth Edition reflects the significant recent progress that has occurred in functional brain imaging, particularly the increased use of PET/SPECT, the use of SPECT and PET in movement disorders and dementia, and advances in radiopharmaceutical development and instrumentation. Chapter topics include PET physics and instrumentation, PET radiopharmaceuticals, SPECT radiopharmaceuticals, and technical factors. The entire book has been thoroughly revised to reflect an appropriate balance between SPECT and PET applications. Highlights of this edition include a new chapter on neuroreceptor imaging and kinetic modeling, a new chapter on brain imaging in movement disorders, and significant updates on SPECT radiopharmaceuticals.
Alignment phenomena are characteristic of liquid crystalline materials, and understanding them is critically important in understanding the essential features and behavior of liquid crystals and the performance of Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs). Furthermore, in LCD production lines, the alignment process is of practical importance. Alignment Technologies and Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices demonstrates both the fundamental and practical aspects of alignment phenomena in liquid crystals. The physical basis of alignment phenomena is first introduced in order to aid the understanding of the various physical phenomena observed in the interface between liquid crystalline materials and alignment layer surfaces. Methods for the characterization of surfaces, which induce the alignment phenomena, and of the alignment layer itself are introduced. These methods are useful for the research of liquid crystalline materials and devices in academic research as well as in industry. In the practical sections, the alignment methods used in the LCD production lines are introduced with various other trials for the alignment technologies. LCD performances are also discussed in relation to alignment phenomena. The authors have a wide range of experience in both academic research and in industry. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers working in the LCD industry, and for physics and chemistry researchers studying liquid crystalline materials.
This monograph provides a mathematical foundation to the theory of quantum information and computation, with applications to various open systems including nano and bio systems. It includes introductory material on algorithm, functional analysis, probability theory, information theory, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Apart from standard material on quantum information like quantum algorithm and teleportation, the authors discuss findings on the theory of entropy in C*-dynamical systems, space-time dependence of quantum entangled states, entangling operators, adaptive dynamics, relativistic quantum information, and a new paradigm for quantum computation beyond the usual quantum Turing machine. Also, some important applications of information theory to genetics and life sciences, as well as recent experimental and theoretical discoveries in quantum photosynthesis are described.
This volume is a collection of articles written by Professor M Ohya over the past three decades in the areas of quantum teleportation, quantum information theory, quantum computer, etc. By compiling Ohya''s important works in these areas, the book serves as a useful reference for researchers who are working in these fields. Sample Chapter(s). Introduction (109 KB). Chapter 1: Adaptive Dynamics and Its Applications To Chaos and Npc Problem (1,633 KB). Contents: Adaptive Dynamics and Its Applications; A Stochastic Limit Approach to the SAT Problem; Quantum Algorithm for SAT Problem and Quantum Mutual Entropy; NP Problem in Quantum Algorithm; New Quantum Algorithm for Studying NP-complete Problems; Quantum Teleportation and Beam Splitting; Entanglement, Quantum Entropy and Mutual Information; Quantum Dynamical Entropy for Completely Positive Maps; On Capacities of Quantum Channels; Compound Channels, Transition Expectations, and Liftings; Information Dynamics and Its Application to Optical Communication Processes; Complexity and Fractal Dimension for Quantum States; Information Theoretical Treatment of Genes; Some Aspects of Quantum Information Theory and Their Applications to Irreversible Processes; On Compound State and Mutual Information in Quantum Information Theory; Quantum Ergodic Channels in Operator Algebras; and others papers. Readership: Researchers in quantum entropy, quantum information theory and mathematical physics.
This textbook explains the fundamentals of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) without assuming advanced knowledge of mathematics and programming. MCMC is a powerful technique that can be used to integrate complicated functions or to handle complicated probability distributions. MCMC is frequently used in diverse fields where statistical methods are important – e.g. Bayesian statistics, quantum physics, machine learning, computer science, computational biology, and mathematical economics. This book aims to equip readers with a sound understanding of MCMC and enable them to write simulation codes by themselves. The content consists of six chapters. Following Chap. 2, which introduces readers to the Monte Carlo algorithm and highlights the advantages of MCMC, Chap. 3 presents the general aspects of MCMC. Chap. 4 illustrates the essence of MCMC through the simple example of the Metropolis algorithm. In turn, Chap. 5 explains the HMC algorithm, Gibbs sampling algorithm and Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, discussing their pros, cons and pitfalls. Lastly, Chap. 6 presents several applications of MCMC. Including a wealth of examples and exercises with solutions, as well as sample codes and further math topics in the Appendix, this book offers a valuable asset for students and beginners in various fields.
The main purpose of this volume is to emphasize the multidisciplinary aspects of this very active new line of research in which concrete technological and industrial realizations require the combined efforts of experimental and theoretical physicists, mathematicians and engineers. Contents: Coherent Quantum Control of -Atoms Through the Stochastic Limit (L Accardi); Information, Innovation and Elemental Random Field (T Hida); Joint Extension of States of Fermion Subsystems (H Araki); Emergence of White Noise Equations from Classical Quantum Mechanics (A Boukas); Saturation of an Entropy Bound and Quantum Markov States (D Petz); Quantum Entanglement, Purification, and Linear-Optics Quantum Gates with Photonic Qubits (P Walther & A Zeilinger); Group Theory of Dynamical Maps (E C G Sudarshan); Quantum Logical Gates Realized by Beam Splittings (W Freudenberg et al.); Generalized Sectors and Adjunctions (I Ojima); Note on Quantum Mutual Type Measures and Capacity (N Watanabe); Structure of Linear Processes (S Si); An Infinite Dimensional Laplacian Acting on Some Class of Levy White Noise Functionals (K Saito); Fidelity of Quantum Teleportation Model Using Beam Splittings (K-H Fichtner et al.); Noncanonical Representations of a Multi-Dimensional Brownian Motion (Y Hibino); and other papers. Readership: Researchers in quantum physics and theoretical physics.
The purpose of this volume is examine bio-informatics and quantum information, which are growing rapidly at present, and to attempt to connect the two, with a view to enumerating and solving the many fundamental problems they entail. To this end, we look for interdisciplinary bridges in mathematics, physics, and information and life sciences. In particular, research into a new paradigm for information science and life science on the basis of quantum theory is emphasized. Sample Chapter(s). Markov Fields on Graphs (599 KB). Contents: Markov Fields on Graphs (L Accardi & H Ohno); Some Aspects of Time Operators (A Arai); Time Optimal Quantum Control of Mixed States (A Carlini et al.); On a Quantum Model of the Recognition Process (K-H Fichtner et al.); Perspectives of White Noise Analysis (T Hida); Review on Quantum Chaos Algorithm and Generalized Quantum Turing Machine (S Iriyama & M Ohya); Cauchy Problems for Some Biological Systems OCo Modelling by Stochastic Differential Equations (A Jamiolkowski); On Non-Markovian Time Evolution in Open Quantum Systems (A Kossakowski & R Rebolledo); Adaptive Dynamics and Its Applications to Chaos and NPC Problem (M Ohya); Micro-Macro Duality and Emergence of Macroscopic Levels (I Ojima); Josephson Flux Qubit (H Takayanagi); Note on Quantum Mutual Entropy Type Measures (N Watanabe); Toward in Silico Biology (From Sequence to Systems) (I Yamato et al.); and other papers. Readership: Physicists, researchers in quantum information and bioinformatics.
This book is the modern first treatment of experimental designs, providing a comprehensive introduction to the interrelationship between the theory of optimal designs and the theory of cubature formulas in numerical analysis. It also offers original new ideas for constructing optimal designs. The book opens with some basics on reproducing kernels, and builds up to more advanced topics, including bounds for the number of cubature formula points, equivalence theorems for statistical optimalities, and the Sobolev Theorem for the cubature formula. It concludes with a functional analytic generalization of the above classical results. Although it is intended for readers who are interested in recent advances in the construction theory of optimal experimental designs, the book is also useful for researchers seeking rich interactions between optimal experimental designs and various mathematical subjects such as spherical designs in combinatorics and cubature formulas in numerical analysis, both closely related to embeddings of classical finite-dimensional Banach spaces in functional analysis and Hilbert identities in elementary number theory. Moreover, it provides a novel communication platform for “design theorists” in a wide variety of research fields.
The purpose of this proceedings volume is to look for interdisciplinary bridges in mathematics, physics, information and life sciences, in particular, research for new paradigms for information and life sciences on the basis of quantum theory. The main areas in this volume are all related to one of the following subjects: (1) quantum information, (2) bio-informatics and (3) the interrelation between (1) and (2).
This book has the highest impact factor of all publications ranked by ISI within polymer science. It contains short and concise reports on physics and chemistry of polymers, each written by the world renowned experts. It remains valid and useful after 5 or 10 years. The electronic version is available free of charge for standing order customers at: springer.com/series/12/.
This book covers the major arenas of drug development, providing understanding of the pros and cons of the various efforts of chemists and biologists to explore newer antiviral targets for HIV replication and to look for and design molecules that will have minimal toxicities.
Many people, professionals and non-professionals alike, recognize that it is of critical importance to solve global energy and environmental issues. For this purpose, it is essential to have a scientific understanding of what is meant by the “energy” issue is and the “environmental” issue. The concept of “exergy” is a scientific concept that exactly fits. The concept of ‘energy’ is a scientifically-well established concept, namely ‘to be conserved’. Then the question is what is really consumed. Exergy: Theory and Applications in the Built Environment is dedicated to answer this fundamental question by discussing the theory of “exergy” and by demonstrating its use extensively to describe a variety of systems in particular for built-environmental conditioning. Our immediate environmental space works within the flow of energy and matter in an “exergy-entropy” process, and the built environment can be designed with these energy & environmental issues in mind. Exergy: Theory and Applications in the Built Environment introduces readers who are not familiar with thermodynamics to the concept of exergy with a variety of discussion on the built-environmental space such as heating, cooling, lighting, and others. Readers, including students, researchers, planners, architects and engineers, will obtain a better picture of a sustainable built-environment.
This volume investigates a historical account of the development of landscapes management at Borobudur. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was large scale heritage conservation intervention of the Borobudur Temple by UNESCO and a simultaneous attempt of a wider landscapes management at Borobudur. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a global heritage discourse of an enlarged value system emerged. This discourse embraced issues such as cultural landscape, living history, intangible values, vernacular heritage, and urban landscapes with community involvement. The early 1990s saw a move against the European-dominated discourse of heritage as well as the concept of authenticity in the World Heritage system and other European-oriented classifications. The Asian experience in heritage discourse has begun to have a significant impact on the European standard. Additionally, in the 1990s, there was a gradual recognition of the concept of cultural landscape, which differed both within Asia and between Asia and Europe. These different ideas are evident in the case of the Borobudur Temple and its 1991 nomination to the World Heritage List. This book focuses how the management of the Borobudur historical monument and its landscapes was developed and reached current exclusive national legislative framework and set as an example for others sites in the region and for other regions to consider.
Alignment phenomena are characteristic of liquid crystalline materials, and understanding them is critically important in understanding the essential features and behavior of liquid crystals and the performance of Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs). Furthermore, in LCD production lines, the alignment process is of practical importance. Alignment Technologies and Applications of Liquid Crystal Devices demonstrates both the fundamental and practical aspects of alignment phenomena in liquid crystals. The physical basis of alignment phenomena is first introduced in order to aid the understanding of the various physical phenomena observed in the interface between liquid crystalline materials and alignment layer surfaces. Methods for the characterization of surfaces, which induce the alignment phenomena, and of the alignment layer itself are introduced. These methods are useful for the research of liquid crystalline materials and devices in academic research as well as in industry. In the practical sections, the alignment methods used in the LCD production lines are introduced with various other trials for the alignment technologies. LCD performances are also discussed in relation to alignment phenomena. The authors have a wide range of experience in both academic research and in industry. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers working in the LCD industry, and for physics and chemistry researchers studying liquid crystalline materials.
The purpose of this proceedings volume is to return to the starting point of bio-informatics and quantum information, fields that are growing rapidly at present, and to seriously attempt mutual interaction between the two, with a view to enumerating and solving the many fundamental problems they entail. For such a purpose, we look for interdisciplinary bridges in mathematics, physics, information and life sciences, in particular, research for new paradigm for information science and life science on the basis of quantum theory.
Indoor climate is determined by rational lighting, heating, cooling and ventilating systems. For occupants' well-being it should be consistent with how regional outdoor climate works in the flow of radiation via four paths of heat transfer: radiation; convection; conduction; and evaporation. This book starts with the relationship between the human body and its immediate environmental space followed by a brief introduction of passive and active systems for indoor climate conditioning. The nature of light and heat is discussed with a focus on building envelope systems such as walls and windows, and then examined from the viewpoint of thermodynamics and human-biology. Some examples are given to enable a better understanding of luminous and thermal characteristics of our most immediate environment particularly for those professionally involved in environmental planning, designing, and engineering to know about bio-climatic design principle.
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