Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a slowly progressive motor dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra innervating the striatum, causing depletion of dopamine, which leads to a hyperactivation of the striatal medial spiny neurons. To understand the pathophysiological details of PD and for developing and screening the novel therapeutic and/or neuroprotective substances, animal models for PD induced by neurotoxins have been developed. Among them, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the most commonly used since it causes a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and induces typical PD-like symptoms both in human and in experimental animals with a relatively simple application. In this chapter, we first overview the characteristics of PD and animal models with neurotoxins to establish, then focus on, MPTP-treated mouse and common marmoset models for PD with their practical experimental protocols and applications.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a slowly progressive motor dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra innervating the striatum, causing depletion of dopamine, which leads to a hyperactivation of the striatal medial spiny neurons. To understand the pathophysiological details of PD and for developing and screening the novel therapeutic and/or neuroprotective substances, animal models for PD induced by neurotoxins have been developed. Among them, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the most commonly used since it causes a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and induces typical PD-like symptoms both in human and in experimental animals with a relatively simple application. In this chapter, we first overview the characteristics of PD and animal models with neurotoxins to establish, then focus on, MPTP-treated mouse and common marmoset models for PD with their practical experimental protocols and applications.
This book addresses various aspects of testicular autoimmunity. It has long been suspected that testicular autoimmunity could be one of the causes of idiopathic male infertility. However, it is very difficult to estimate the incidence of testicular autoimmunity in men, as most male patients first realize they are infertile when they start trying to conceive a child, and there is a possibility that their testes may already exhibit the end stage of testicular autoimmunity, in which lymphocytic inflammation and immunoglobulin deposition in their testes subsided long ago and only the spermatogenic disorder remains. Therefore, autopsy or biopsy for testicular tissues in men before the end stage of testicular autoimmunity and investigations using testicular autoimmunity model animals are needed to determine the epidemiology of testicular autoimmunity. Accordingly, the book discusses “the immunological fragility of testis” with regard to male infertility, reviewing autopsy data in men and presenting experimental data using murine models of autoimmune orchitis that has been induced by immunizing with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells alone. Testicular autoimmunity in animals is also discussed. In summary, the book provides a wealth of valuable information, not only for researchers who are interested in immunologic male infertility, but also for clinical professionals who treat these patients at hospitals.
Moving Particle Semi-implicit Method: A Meshfree Particle Method for Fluid Dynamics begins by familiarizing the reader with basic theory that supports their journey through sections on advanced MPH methods. The unique insights that this method provides include fluid-structure interaction, non-Newtonian flow, and cavitation, making it relevant to a wide range of applications in the mechanical, structural, and nuclear industries, and in bioengineering. Co-authored by the originator of the MPS method, this book is the most authoritative guide available. It will be of great value to students, academics and researchers in industry. Presents the differences between MPH and SPH, helping readers choose between methods for different purposes Provides pieces of computer code that readers can use in their own simulations Includes the full, extended algorithms Explores the use of MPS in a range of industries and applications, including practical advice
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.