Mastering a rich repertoire of motor behaviors, as humans and other animals do, is a surprising and still poorly understood outcome of evolution, development, and learning. Many degrees-of-freedom, non-linear dynamics, and sensory delays provide formidable challenges for controlling even simple actions. Modularity as a functional element, both structural and computational, of a control architecture might be the key organizational principle that the central nervous system employs for achieving versatility and adaptability in motor control. Recent investigations of muscle synergies, motor primitives, compositionality, basic action concepts, and related work in machine learning have contributed to advance, at different levels, our understanding of the modular architecture underlying rich motor behaviors. However, the existence and nature of the modules in the control architecture is far from settled. For instance, regularity and low-dimensionality in the motor output are often taken as an indication of modularity but could they simply be a byproduct of optimization and task constraints? Moreover, what are the relationships between modules at different levels, such as muscle synergies, kinematic invariants, and basic action concepts? One important reason for the new interest in understanding modularity in motor control from different viewpoints is the impressive development in cognitive robotics. In comparison to animals and humans, the motor skills of today’s best robots are limited and inflexible. However, robot technology is maturing to the point at which it can start approximating a reasonable spectrum of isolated perceptual, cognitive, and motor capabilities. These advances allow researchers to explore how these motor, sensory and cognitive functions might be integrated into meaningful architectures and to test their functional limits. Such systems provide a new test bed to explore different concepts of modularity and to address the interaction between motor and cognitive processes experimentally. Thus, the goal of this Research Topic is to review, compare, and debate theoretical and experimental investigations of the modular organization of the motor control system at different levels. By bringing together researchers seeking to understand the building blocks for coordinating many muscles, for planning endpoint and joint trajectories, and for representing motor and behavioral actions in memory we aim at promoting new interactions between often disconnected research areas and approaches and at providing a broad perspective on the idea of modularity in motor control. We welcome original research, methodological, theoretical, review, and perspective contributions from behavioral, system, and computational motor neuroscience research, cognitive psychology, and cognitive robotics.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods, TABLEAUX 2009, held in Oslo, Norway, in July 2009. The 21 revised research papers presented together with 1 system description and 2 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 44 submissions. The papers cover many topics in the wide range of applications of tableaux and related methods in areas such as hardware and software verfications, semantic technologies, and knowledge engineering.
The story behind the attack that shocked a nation and opened a new chapter in the history of American crime. On July 14th, 1966, Richard Franklin Speck swept through several student nurses’ townhouse like a summer tornado and changed the landscape of American crime. He broke in as his helpless victims slept, bound them one by one, and then stabbed, assaulted, and strangled all eight in a sadistic sexual frenzy. By morning, only one young nurse had miraculously survived. The killer was captured in seventy-two hours; he was successfully prosecuted in an error-free trial that stood up to appellate scrutiny; and the jury needed only forty-nine minutes to return a death verdict. Here is the story of Richard Speck by the prosecutor who put him in prison for life with a brand new introduction by Bill Kunkle, the prosecutor of the infamous John Wayne Gacy Jr. In The Crime of the Century, William J. Martin has teamed up with Dennis L. Breo to re-create the blood-soaked night that made American criminal history, offering fascinating behind-the-scenes descriptions of Speck, his innocent victims, the desperate manhunt and massive investigation, and the trial that led to Speck’s successful conviction.
The story behind the attack that shocked a nation and opened a new chapter in the history of American crime. On July 14th, 1966, Richard Franklin Speck swept through several student nurses’ townhouse like a summer tornado and changed the landscape of American crime. He broke in as his helpless victims slept, bound them one by one, and then stabbed, assaulted, and strangled all eight in a sadistic sexual frenzy. By morning, only one young nurse had miraculously survived. The killer was captured in seventy-two hours; he was successfully prosecuted in an error-free trial that stood up to appellate scrutiny; and the jury needed only forty-nine minutes to return a death verdict. Here is the story of Richard Speck by the prosecutor who put him in prison for life with a brand new introduction by Bill Kunkle, the prosecutor of the infamous John Wayne Gacy Jr. In The Crime of the Century, William J. Martin has teamed up with Dennis L. Breo to re-create the blood-soaked night that made American criminal history, offering fascinating behind-the-scenes descriptions of Speck, his innocent victims, the desperate manhunt and massive investigation, and the trial that led to Speck’s successful conviction.
There are more than 3,000 different kinds of cheese currently registered with the FDA, and hundreds more made in small villages, towns, and back countries around the world. Since the earliest record of milk cultivation, humans have been creating new kinds of cheese and today it has become one of the most used, popular food items in the world. Rich, creamy, sharp, or spicy cheeses can add a bit of zest to any meal and with the right recipes and the tools needed to make your own, you can start enjoying the joy of cheese from your own kitchen. Learning how to make your own cheese starts with knowing the differences and necessities for each kind of cheese and then adding a bit of your own creativity to the mixture. This book provides 101 of the most popular, well known cheese recipes in the world into one, easy to follow resource designed to help even the most unpracticed of cheese aficionados start creating at home. The basics of making cheese will be covered from the start, giving you a detailed walkthrough of everything you need to create your own dairy products, including equipment, products, time, and money. You will learn the basics of food safety in regards to cheese and what parts of the product you can use and what you must discard. You will learn the essentials of what each different kind of cheese entails, including hard, soft, and Italian cheeses among others. With recipes gathered from top resources around the globe, you will then be able to start making cheeses for yourself, ranging from the creaminess of fromage blanc to the sharp bite of cheddar or smooth meltiness of mozzarella. For every cheese lover out there who has dreamed of making their own cheeses at home, this book is for you.
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