Martin Fransman presents a new approach to understanding how innovation happens, who makes it happen, and the helps and hindrances. Looking at innovation in real-time under uncertainty, he develops the idea of an 'innovation ecosystem', i.e. a system of interrelated players and processes that jointly make innovation happen. Examples include: how companies like Amazon, Google, Facebook, Apple, AT&T, and Huawei interact in the ICT Ecosystem; four innovations that changed the world - the transistor, microprocessor, optical fibre, and the laser; the causes of the telecoms boom and bust of the early 1990s that influenced the Great Recession from 2007; and the usefulness of the idea of innovation ecosystems for Chinese policy makers. By delving into the complex determinants of innovation this book provides a deeper, more rigorous understanding of how it happens. It will appeal to economists, social scientists, business people, policy makers, and anyone interested in innovation and entrepreneurship.
Of the argument -- The new ICT ecosystem -- The new ICT ecosystem as an innovation system -- The new ICT ecosystem: a quantitative analysis -- Telecoms regulation -- Policy-making for the new ICT ecosystem -- The way forward: the message to policy-makers and regulators.
The telecoms industry is one of the most important in the global economy. Without it the Internet and Information Society would not exist. But how does it work? How has it been changed by the Internet? Why was $2,500 billion wiped off its stock market value in 2000/1? How have its incumbentoperators (such as ATandT, BT, Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, and NTT) and their aggressive rivals (for example WorldCom, Qwest, and COLT) adjusted to the radical changes sweeping the industry? Why has Japan succeeded but Europe failed in creating the latest incarnation of the industry, themobile Internet? These are some of the key questions analysed. The book begins with an explanation of the telecoms boom and bust, 1996-2002. It tackes the questions regarding who was to blame and why, and also examines the consequences of the bust. An analytical framework is created to understand the main forces driving the telecoms industry as it istransformed by the Internet into the infocommunications industry. It is shown that knowledge in its various manifestations and changes in knowledge are responsible for the key changes that have taken place. The foundation of the infocommunications industry comprises a combination of specialist technology suppliers (such as Cisco, Nokia, NEC, and Nortel) and network operators. Their changing relationship lies at the heart of the forces driving the industry. The author looks at how these changes haveaffected the struggles of the incumbent network operators and their new entrant rivals. He also analyses some of the main new entrpreneurs in the industry, looking at why they managed to enter so successfully, what has become of them, and why. The continuing changes in the knowledge base of theindustry are examined, as are some of the latest developments in the mobile Internet. Finally, the future of the industry is confronted. The book is complemented by the interactive web site: www.TelecomVisions.com
This book contains a concise critical survey of economic theories of the firm leading into an exposition of how real firms function in the real world when knowledge cannot be complete or unambiguous. This is related to a number of computer and communications firms in Japan and the West, and to the future of Japanese technological innovation in an increasingly globalized world.
Computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductorsthe products and technologies of the information and communications industry (IC)have transformed our world. Most of these products were initially developed in Western countries, but by the early 1990s some of the world's largest companies in the field were Japanese. This book explains the resurgence of Japan's IC giants, their global status, and their strengths and weaknesses.Empirical scrutiny of their evolution is complemented by the author's own theory of the most appropriate mehtod for studying the dynamics of industrial change. The author argues that in order to understand the evolution of IC companies and industries, it is necessary to create a theory of the firm capable of encompassing the development of real firms in the real world in real time. This approach stresses the importance of the beliefs that are constructed in the firm under conditions of 'interpretive ambiguity', which guide the firm's decisions and its reactions to new technologies. Lengthy analyses of NEC and NTT (by far the world's largest company in terms of market value; its future currently under government scrutiny), and of the computing, switching, and optical fibre industries, illustrate these concepts. Based on over 600 interviews over eight years with Japanese leaders, this book provides important new material on the past, present, and future of Japanese industry.
The ICT sector is crucial as a driver of economic and social growth. Not only is it an important industry in its own right, but it also provides the communication and infrastructure without which modern economies could not function. How does this sector work? Why is it stronger in some countries than in others? What should companies, governments and regulators be doing to enhance its contribution? In The New ICT Ecosystem, Martin Fransman answers these and other questions by developing the idea of the ICT sector as an evolving ecosystem. He shows that some components of the ICT ecosystem, particularly the innovation process, work better in some countries and regions than in others. For example, the Internet content and applications layer of the ecosystem tends to work better in the US than in Europe or Asia. The analysis in this book enables policy makers and regulators to understand why some parts of the ICT ecosystem are underperforming and what can be done to enhance their performance. The previous edition of The New ICT Ecosystem won the 2008–10 Joseph Schumpeter Prize.
This book contains a concise critical survey of economic theories of the firm leading into an exposition of how real firms function in the real world when knowledge cannot be complete or unambiguous. This is related to a number of computer and communications firms in Japan and the West, and to the future of Japanese technological innovation in an increasingly globalized world.
Computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors - the products and technologies of the information and communications (IC) industry have transformed our world. Most of these products were initially developed in Western countries, but by the early 1990s some of the world's largestcompanies in the field were Japanese. This book explains the resurgence of Japan's IC giants, their global status, and their strengths and weaknesses. Empirical scrutiny of their evolution is the author's own theory of the most appropriate method for studying the dynamics of long-term industrialchange. While the Japanese motor vehicle and consumer electronics industries have been relatively well analysed, there are no comprehensive up-to-date studies of the Japanese IC industry. This book addresses the questions consequently left unanswered: How were Japanese IC companies able tocatch up with their western rivals--and in some cases overtake them? How have Japanese IC companies responded to the post-IBM world of computing? Why do they remain primarily dependent on the Japanese market? Why do they combine competences in computers, semiconductors, and telecommunicationsequipment, while their US counterparts are far more specialized? What role has been played by the Japanese government and the system of controlled competition in their success? Will Japanese IC companies become increasingly competitive internationally in the future? The author extends theevolutionary approach to the organization of the firm and industry developed by such writers as Schumpeter, Nelson, Winter, and Chandler. He argues that in order to understand the evolution of companies and industries, it is necessary to create a theory of the firm capable of encompassing thedevelopment of real firms in the real world in real time. This approach stresses the importance of the beliefs that are constructed in the firm under conditions of 'interpretive ambiguity', which guide the firm's decisions and its reactions to new technologies. Lengthy analyses of NEC and NTT (byfar the world's largest company in terms of market value; its future currently under government scrutiny), and of the computing, switiching, and optical fibre industries, illustrate these concepts. Based on over 600 personal interviews over eight years with Japanese leaders, this book providesimportant new material on the past, present, and future of Japanese industry.
Fransman explains how innovation happens and which factors can help or hinder, by treating innovation as a systemic phenomenon, or ecosystem of players and processes. It will appeal to economists, other social scientists, business people, policy makers, and anyone interested in innovation and entrepreneurship.
For several centuries Cape Town has accommodated a great variety of musical genres which have usually been associated with specific population groups living in and around the city. Musical styles and genres produced in Cape Town have therefore been assigned an "identity" which is first and foremost social. This volume tries to question the relationship established between musical styles and genres, and social - in this case pseudo-racial - identities. In Sounding the Cape, Denis-Constant Martin recomposes and examines through the theoretical prism of creolisation the history of music in Cape Town, deploying analytical tools borrowed from the most recent studies of identity configurations. He demonstrates that musical creation in the Mother City, and in South Africa, has always been nurtured by contacts, exchanges and innovations whatever the efforts made by racist powers to separate and divide people according to their origin. Musicians interviewed at the dawn of the 21st century confirm that mixture and blending characterise all Cape Town's musics. They also emphasise the importance of a rhythmic pattern particular to Cape Town, the ghoema beat, whose origins are obviously mixed. The study of music demonstrates that the history of Cape Town, and of South Africa as a whole, undeniably fostered creole societies. Yet, twenty years after the collapse of apartheid, these societies are still divided along lines that combine economic factors and "racial" categorisations. Martin concludes that, were music given a greater importance in educational and cultural policies, it could contribute to fighting these divisions and promote the notion of a nation that, in spite of the violence of racism and apartheid, has managed to invent a unique common culture.
This compact history traces the computer industry from its origins in 1950s mainframes, through the establishment of standards beginning in 1965 and the introduction of personal computing in the 1980s. It concludes with the Internet’s explosive growth since 1995. Across these four periods, Martin Campbell-Kelly and Daniel Garcia-Swartz describe the steady trend toward miniaturization and explain its consequences for the bundles of interacting components that make up a computer system. With miniaturization, the price of computation fell and entry into the industry became less costly. Companies supplying different components learned to cooperate even as they competed with other businesses for market share. Simultaneously with miniaturization—and equally consequential—the core of the computer industry shifted from hardware to software and services. Companies that failed to adapt to this trend were left behind. Governments did not turn a blind eye to the activities of entrepreneurs. The U.S. government was the major customer for computers in the early years. Several European governments subsidized private corporations, and Japan fostered R&D in private firms while protecting its domestic market from foreign competition. From Mainframes to Smartphones is international in scope and broad in its purview of this revolutionary industry.
Why is Edinburgh one of the largest centres in Europe for investment management? Edinburgh comes sixth in Europe, after London, Paris, Zurich, Amsterdam and Frankfurt. In 2007 430 billion worth of investments were managed in Scotland, most of it in Edinburgh, by specialist investment managers such as Baillie Gifford and Standard Life Investments. In addition, Edinburgh is home to the world's sixth largest commercial bank, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and to the Bank of Scotland. This book explains how Edinburgh became such an important financial centre.
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