Animal minds are complex and diverse, making them difficult to study. This Element focuses on a question that has received much attention in the field of comparative cognition: 'Do animals reason about unobservable variables like force and mental states?' The Element shows how researchers design studies and gather evidence to address this question. Despite the many virtues of current methods, hypotheses in comparative cognition are often underdetermined by the empirical evidence. Given this, philosophers and scientists have recently called for additional behavioral constraints on theorizing in the field. The Element endorses this proposal (known as 'signature testing'), while also arguing that studies on animal minds would benefit from drawing more heavily on neuroscience and biology.
The debut collection by author Halina Duraj brings readers an American family, strikingly individual but recognizable to us all -- as strange and familiar as home. An escalating neighborhood feud takes an unanticipated turn. A college student visiting Poland learns about drinking, dancing, and some of the more perplexing mysteries of adulthood. A mother opens up about her youth and courtship. A daughter tries to understand her own relationship within the context of what her parents have taught about marriage. These tender and generous stories illuminate the hidden corners of our family lives and, in doing so, cast beautiful light on the shadows.
Comparative psychologists have recently agreed that some nonhuman animals, such as chimpanzees, are capable of mindreading or reasoning about the cognitive states of other agents. This claim has been heavily criticized by a small group of psychologists and philosophers led by Daniel Povinelli. Povinelli and colleagues argue that the experimental approach used by comparative psychologists to test for mindreading in animals is fundamentally flawed and propose a new experimental paradigm to take its place. In the first part of this dissertation, I argue that this criticism is mistaken. Focusing on visual-perspective-taking research in chimpanzees, I show how the experimental approach used by comparative psychologist provides evidence for mindreading, according to the critics' own definition of what counts as mindreading. I also show that the new experimental paradigm proposed by the critics fails, according to their own standards for success. The fact that chimpanzees mindread has far-reaching implications. In the second part of this dissertation, I examine the potential impact of this finding on our understanding of ape pointing. Humans use pointing gestures in order to direct the attentional states of other agents. I examine whether there is evidence that apes point with similar aims. Surprisingly few studies have addressed this question and I attribute this lacuna to the imperative-declarative distinction currently guiding ape pointing research. I argue that the constraints imposed by this distinction are overly restrictive and propose an alternative framing. There are several ways in which one can test whether apes point in order to direct gaze. I introduce these and then present the results of one such study, which I conducted in collaboration with the comparative psychologists Katja Liebal and Michael Tomasello. The results of our study suggest that apes do not point with the sole aim of directing gaze. However, more studies need to be done in order to determine whether directing gaze is a component aim of ape pointing.
Animal minds are complex and diverse, making them difficult to study. This Element focuses on a question that has received much attention in the field of comparative cognition: 'Do animals reason about unobservable variables like force and mental states?' The Element shows how researchers design studies and gather evidence to address this question. Despite the many virtues of current methods, hypotheses in comparative cognition are often underdetermined by the empirical evidence. Given this, philosophers and scientists have recently called for additional behavioral constraints on theorizing in the field. The Element endorses this proposal (known as 'signature testing'), while also arguing that studies on animal minds would benefit from drawing more heavily on neuroscience and biology.
Using the history of sport in the small towns and local communities of Poland, this book shines new light on the everyday reality of life under a communist regime in Eastern Europe in the 20th Century. The book shows how socio-cultural history – ‘history from below’ – that draws on rich sources including oral testimony, personal archives, and literary and visual material, can provide the missing piece in our understanding of a significant time and place in the contemporary history of Europe. Focusing on the period between 1945 and 1989, the book shows how sport was an important element of state politics and propaganda but looks closely at the local level – at the spaces and material culture of sport - to reveal the extent to which sport had penetrated the daily culture of rural and small-town life in Poland. The stories of football players, local clubs, small sports arenas, and cyclists who crossed geographical and culture boundaries, all add new depth to the history of contemporary Poland, and by examining the history of local sport organisations the book also reveals important differences between official state ideology, the provincial party apparatus, and the lives of ordinary people. This is fascinating reading for anybody with an interest in the history of sport, socio-cultural history, European history, the history of the 20th Century, or historical methods.
This book offers an exciting journey into the most recent architectural achievements, seen in their complexity and plurality, and described in the most objective and truthful way. The development of contemporary architecture is presented as it commenced more than a century ago, as it tried to reconcile democratic ideals with the forces of the Industrial Era. In contrast to many books on the modern-day art of building, the development of architecture is not described chronologically here, but, rather, independently for each selective architectural trend. This allows a better explanation of some evolutionary processes and the continuity of each trend. Thanks to such an approach, this book will serve as a convenient tutorial for courses on history of contemporary architecture in all art and architectural schools.
The years after World War I heralded a large influx of Polish immigrants fleeing war-torn homelands in search of a better life. Drawn by the opportunity to work in the textile and manufacturing mills, Polish immigrants moved to Wallington, New Jersey, a newly incorporated borough in Bergen County. The Polish community of Wallington established themselves as local store owners and businessmen. They constructed churches and social club buildings; established restaurants, pubs, and grocery stores; and participated in the social life of their community. By the 1920s, Polish Americans began to dominate local politics; in 1929, the first Polish American mayor, Leo Strzelecki, was elected. Polish Americans became the majority in Wallington between 1935 and 1945, representing about 70 percent of the population. In 2012, Polish Americans comprise over 50 percent of Wallington's population. Through vintage photographs that capture the spiritual life of these people and the struggles they overcame, Wallington's Polish Community honors the Polish immigrants of the past while educating new generations.
This book traces the influence of the changing political environment on Czech art, criticism, history, and theory between 1895 and 1939, looking beyond the avant-garde to the peripheries of modern art. The period is marked by radical political changes, the formation of national and regional identities, and the rise of modernism in Central Europe – specifically, the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of the new democratic state of Czechoslovakia. Marta Filipová studies the way in which narratives of modern art were formed in a constant negotiation and dialogue between an effort to be international and a desire to remain authentically local.
This book describes the experience of joblessness and unemployment in contemporary Poland. It does so by combining qualitative and quantitative data from a special project conducted in Poland after the Great Recession and the long-term Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN) to describe the lives of the jobless: women and men currently out of work, the recently re-employed, and housewives. The book uses a class and inequality perspective to investigate how these women and men became jobless, how they look for and find employment, their household and social activities, and their political participation. It contextualizes these experiences with a description of Poland’s economy, labor market and employment policies after the fall of Communism and builds on the active interviewing and social constructionist approaches to explore the complex interviewer-respondent relationship.
Antigone's Daughters presents various readings of the classical myth of Antigone as interpreted through modern feminist and psychoanalytic literary theories. Topics such as femininity, education, and establishing selfhood amidst the restrictions of the patriarchal society presented by Sophocles provide the foundation for the modern novel. This study serves as a model for the comparative interpretation of literary works of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries including the writings of George Sand (Indiana), Karolina Pavlova (A Double Life), Nikolai Chernyshevsky (What Is to Be Done?), Emile Zola (L'Assommoir and Nana), María Luisa Bombal (La amortajada) and Isabel Allende (The House of the Spirits). Each chapter isolates an aspect of Antigone's struggle within both the public and domestic spheres as she negotiates her independence and asserts her voice. A valuable tool for the study of modern literature, the universality of Antigone presented in this study prompts the investigation of many classical motifs while providing a thorough study of various national literatures within their own contemporary contexts.
Being Polish is no joke. For ten million people of Polish ancestry in the United States, as well as many who have settled in the UK since the fall of communism, it is a heartfelt matter -- and amid all the travel guides and guides to Polish language, folklore, and customs, there is no single, comprehensive, reader-friendly and yet ever-informative reference on what it means to be Polish. Enter The Essential Guide to Being Polish -- the go-to concise resource for anyone looking to reconnect with their culture or, indeed, hoping that their friends, children, or colleagues learn something about their heritage. Divided into three sections to make for an easy-to-follow format -- Poland in Context, Poles in Poland, and Poles Abroad -- this guide covers just about everything and does so in a style that is at once entertaining and informative: the country's history and geography, wars, Jews in Poland, the communist past, the post-communist past and present, language, kings and queens, religion/Catholicism (with special focus on Pope John Paul II), holidays, food, and drink. What is a real Polish wedding all about? That, too, is addressed succinctly and with flair in this guide. Other chapters cover literature, music, art, famous scientists, Polish men and Polish women, Poles in America, Poles in the UK, Poles and the EU, and last but not least, Polish pride. From the Trade Paperback edition.
This book sheds light on the complex experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland, against a local backdrop of openly anti-refugee political narratives and strong opposition to sharing the responsibility for, and burden of, asylum seekers arriving in the EU. Through a multidimensional analysis, it highlights the processes of forced migrant admission, reception and integration in a key EU frontier country that has undergone a rapid migration status change from a transit to a host country. The book examines rich qualitative material drawn from interviews conducted with forced migrants with different legal statuses and with experts from public administration at the central and local levels, NGOs, and other institutions involved in migration governance in Poland. It discusses both opportunities for and limitations on forced migrants’ adaptation in the social, economic, and political dimensions, as well as their access to healthcare, education, the labour market, and social assistance. This book will be of particular interest to scholars, students, policymakers, and practitioners in migration and asylum studies, social policy, public policy, international relations, EU studies/European integration, law, economics, and sociology.
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