Meteorological variables affect composition, structure, growth, health, and dynamics of forest ecosystems. The measurement of meteorological data at forest monitoring plots is essential for the interpretation of climate change effects. Within an ecological monitoring network, standard meteorological variables such as precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind velocity, and direction should be measured. These variables are essential for the calculation of total deposition of air pollutants, for the interpretation of biological processes or for the derivation of water budgets and percolation from the rooting zone. Additional variables of interest are soil temperature, stand precipitation, and soil moisture. The magnitude and changes in time of the meteorological variables can be assessed as explanatory factors for other observations made in forest ecological monitoring. A detailed description of different methods is given. As an example for an integrated analysis, the application of meteorological data in water budget modeling is described and results of a pilot study are shown.
Methodic investigations of laminar-turbulent transition in wall-bounded she ar flows under controlled conditions are essential for untangling the various complex phenomena of the transition process occurring in flows at practical conditions. They allow understanding of the instability processes of the la minar flow, and thus enable the development of tools for flow control. On the one hand the laminar flow regime can be extended by delaying transition to reduce viscous drag, and on the other hand large-scale flow disturbances or transition can be forced in order to enhance momentum and mass ex change. Thus flow separation can be prevented, or mixing of fuel and air in combustion engines enhanced, for instance. The "DFG Verbund-Schwerpunktprogramm Transition" - a cooperative priority research program of universities, research establishments and indu stry in Germany - has been launched in April 1996 with the aim to explore transition by a coordinated use, development and validation of advanced experimental techniques and theoretical/numerical simulation methods, bin ding together all the appropriate resources available in Germany. At the very beginning of the six-year research period specifically selected test problems were to be investigated by various theoretical and experimental methods to identify and possibly rule out inadequate numerical or experimental methods. With respect to experiments it was planned to use multi-sensor-surface measuring techniques, the infrared measuring technique, and particle image velocimetry (PlV) in addition to hot-wire techniques to get instantaneous images of flows in sections, on surfaces, or within the complete flow field.
This textbook is a translation of the German textbook "Rechnen fUr Lagerstattenkundler und Rohstoffwirtschaftler, Teil 1" published by the Ellen Pilger Publishing Company. Those passages in the German edition which were especially written for the German readership were transform ed for English speaking readers. Compared with the German edition many chapters have been slightly amended. The main new additions in this English version are the chapter on linear optimization in Chapter 10.2 and Chapter 12 on the comparison of ore deposits. The textbook is intended for the economic geologist who deals with the evaluation of deposits at an early stage of development. Once an ex ploration project has reached the feasibility stage, the exact calculations of the deposit, the technical and economic assessment will be performed by a team of geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, and economists. In the early stages of exploration, however, any evaluator of deposits has to be able to cover the whole spectrum himself. Since only order of magnitude parameters are available at this stage, the calculations can only yield order of magnitude results. Precise calculations would even be misleading, since the evaluation does not yet aim at accurate economic assessment but at making the right decision: should the investigation be abandoned or should it be continued at higher costs and with more detailed methods.
Being diagnosed with a serious illness is often followed by despair and helplessness. Those affected wonder how their illness will affect their everyday lives and the rest of their lives. Dr. Freimann, who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at a young age after experiencing various unexplained symptoms, also found himself in this situation. In this work, the author reviews his life to date, most of which he has now spent with the disease.
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