This seventh and final volume explores the life of the Civil War congressman, secretary of state, and the American minister to France, Elihu Washburnefrom his retirement from public office to his death in 1887. During this final chapter in his life, Elihu Washburne was a presidential candidate for the Republican nomination in 1880, receiving over forty delegate votes in a losing cause to General James Garfield, who later became president. At that same Republican convention, Washburne came in second place in the balloting for vice president. In the contest for the number-two spot, Elihu Washburne lost to Chester Arthur, who replaced Garfield as the president after that chief executive was assassinated in 1881.
The American Civil War and the Paris Commune of 1871, Philip Katz argues, were part of the broader sweep of transatlantic development in the mid-nineteenth century--an age of democratic civil wars. Katz shows how American political culture in the period that followed the Paris Commune was shaped by that event. The telegraph, the new Atlantic cable, and the news-gathering experience gained in the Civil War transformed the Paris Commune into an American national event. News from Europe arrived in fragments, however, and was rarely cohesive and often contradictory. Americans were forced to assimilate the foreign events into familiar domestic patterns, most notably the Civil War. Two ways of Americanizing the Commune emerged: descriptive (recasting events in American terms in order to better understand them) and predictive (preoccupation with whether Parisian unrest might reproduce itself in the United States). By 1877, the Commune became a symbol for the domestic labor unrest that culminated in the Great Railroad Strike of that year. As more powerful local models of social unrest emerged, however, the Commune slowly disappeared as an active force in American culture.
For a generation, scholarship on the Reconstruction era has rightly focused on the struggles of the recently emancipated for a meaningful freedom and defined its success or failure largely in those terms. In The Ordeal of the Reunion, Mark Wahlgren Summers goes beyond this vitally important question, focusing on Reconstruction's need to form an enduring Union without sacrificing the framework of federalism and republican democracy. Assessing the era nationally, Summers emphasizes the variety of conservative strains that confined the scope of change, highlights the war's impact and its aftermath, and brings the West and foreign policy into an integrated narrative. In sum, this book offers a fresh explanation for Reconstruction's demise and a case for its essential successes as well as its great failures. Indeed, this book demonstrates the extent to which the victors' aims in 1865 were met--and at what cost. Summers depicts not just a heroic, tragic moment with equal rights advanced and then betrayed but a time of achievement and consolidation, in which nationhood and emancipation were placed beyond repeal and the groundwork was laid for a stronger, if not better, America to come.
This book describes the southern Republicans' post- Civil War railroad aid program--the central element of the Gospel of Prosperity" designed to reestablish a vigorous economy in the devastated South. Conceding that race and Unionism were basic issues, Mark W. Summers explores a neglected facet of the postwar era: the attempt to build a new South and a biracial Republican majority through railroad aid. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Reconstruction policy after the Civil War, observes Mark Wahlgren Summers, was shaped not simply by politics, principles, and prejudices. Also at work were fears--often unreasonable fears of renewed civil war and a widespread sense that four years of war had thrown the normal constitutional process so dangerously out of kilter that the republic itself remained in peril. To understand Reconstruction, Summers contends, one must understand that the purpose of the North's war was--first and foremost--to save the Union with its republican institutions intact. During Reconstruction there were always fears in the mix--that the Civil War had settled nothing, that the Union was still in peril, and that its enemies and the enemies of republican government were more resilient and cunning than normal mortals. Many factors shaped the reintegration of the former Confederate states and the North's commitment to Reconstruction, Summers agrees, but the fears of war reigniting, plots against liberty, and a president prepared to father a coup d'etat ranked higher among them than historians have recognized. Both a dramatic narrative of the events of Reconstruction and a groundbreaking new look at what drove these events, A Dangerous Stir is also a valuable look at the role of fear in the politics of the time--and in politics in general.
Like Lincoln, Oglesby was born in Kentucky and spent most of his youth in central Illinois, apprenticing as a lawyer in Springfield and standing for election to the Illinois legislature Congress, and U.S. Senate. Oglesby participated in the battles of Cerro Gordo and Vera Cruz during the Mexican-American War and made a small fortune in the gold rush of 1849. A superlative speaker, he ran unsuccessfully for Congress in a campaign that featured the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, then was elected to the Illinois senate as Lincoln was being elected president.
What actions should be punished? Should plea-bargaining be allowed? How should sentencing be determined? In this original, penetrating study, Mark Tunick explores not only why society punishes wrongdoing, but also how it implements punishment. Contending that the theory and practice of punishment are inherently linked, Tunick draws on a broad range of thinkers, from the radical criticisms of Nietzsche, Foucault, and some Marxist theorists through the sociological theories of Durkheim and Girard to various philosophical traditions and the "law and economics" movement. He defends punishment against its radical critics and offers a version of retribution, distinct from revenge, that holds that we punish not to deter or reform, but to mete out just deserts, vindicate right, and express society's righteous anger. Demonstrating first how this theory best accounts for how punishment is carried out, he then provides "immanent criticism" of certain features of our practice that don't accord with the retributive principle. Thought-provoking and deftly argued, Punishment will garner attention and spark debate among political theorists, philosophers, legal scholars, sociologists, and criminologists. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1992. What actions should be punished? Should plea-bargaining be allowed? How should sentencing be determined? In this original, penetrating study, Mark Tunick explores not only why society punishes wrongdoing, but also how it implements punishment.
Complete Coverage of Windows XP Professional The latest from the world's leading Windows authority Mark Minasi, Mastering Windows XP Professional is the premier resource for anyone installing, configuring, and administering Windows XP, whether as part of a corporate network or for home or small business use. Depend on it for step-by-step instruction in hundreds of key techniques--not to mention a thorough look at all of XP's new features and troubleshooting advice that will save you time, money, and countless headaches. Updates to this edition include new coverage for administrators on topics including Web and FTP servers, scripting, the Microsoft Mangement Console and Services, and security. Coverage Includes * Using the new Start menu and Control Panel * Setting up broadband Internet connections * Setting up and configuring a peer-to-peer network * Securing your PC and network from intruders * Encrypting vital data * Running programs designed for previous versions of Windows * Transferring files and settings from one computer to another * Sharing your desktop with remote users * Connecting to remote computers using Remote Desktop Connection * Using Windows Media Player 8 * Communicating in real time using Windows Messenger * Using Windows XP on Portable Computers * Restoring your system to a previous configuration * Preventing disaster; backing up and recovering data * Using the Services and MMC administration tools Bonus Coverage: Windows XP Essential Skills Includes 96 pages of full-color visual, step-by-step instruction on the 57 most important Windows XP skills. In minutes, you'll learn how to burn a CD, set up an Internet connection, use XP's powerful System Restore feature, and much more.
About all I know of Grant I have got from you," wrote Abraham Lincoln to Congressman Elihu Washburne in 1864. "I have never seen him. Who else besides you knows anything about Grant?" Elihu Benjamin Washburne was not only the link between President Abraham Lincoln and Union General Ulysses S. Grant, but Washburne himself played a major role in both their lives as they rose to power and throughout their presidencies. An Illinois Whig from Galena, Washburne was active in the anti-slavery movement and became a Republican as soon as that party was organized. In fact, some sources even credit his brother, then Congressman Israel Washburn, with coining the name Republican for the new Northern anti-slavery party. Washburne was an early supporter of Lincoln who advised the future President during the Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates in 1858 and was given the honor of writing Lincoln''s campaign biography for the 1860 Presidential race. Elihu Washburne served eight successive terms (1853 to 1869) and was elected to a ninth in the House of Representatives, where he earned the titles "Father of the House" and "Watchdog of the Treasury." During the Civil War, Washburne was an eyewitness to several battles including the First Battle of Bull Run, Vicksburg, the Wilderness Campaign, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. During the Second Battle of Bull Run, Congressman Washburne was with President Lincoln on the roof of the White House, where they could hear the action. Washburne was an eyewitness to history when Confederate General Robert E. Lee''s army surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant''s army at Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865. Shortly thereafter, he served as a pallbearer at Lincoln''s funeral. After the Civil War, Washburne was a member of the joint Committee on Reconstruction and chairman of the Committee of the Whole in the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868. In 1869, President Grant honored his old friend by nominating him Secretary of State and then Minister to France. Washburne presented his letters of credence to Napoleon III in May 1869, and was present the next year for the Franco-German War. During that war, Minister Washburne distinguished himself as one of the only foreign diplomats to remain in Paris during the German siege of that city and later the Paris Commune. At the start of that war, Washburne took under his protection some 30,000 German residents in Paris who were citizens from the North German Confederation, Saxony, Darmstadt, and Hesse Grand Duchy after the German Ambassadors were expelled from France. "He was practically the German Minister in France for eleven months, and was in constant official correspondence with the Prince de Bismarck." Following the war with the Germans, the people of Paris rose up in revolt and proclaimed a leftist Commune in 1871. The poor response of the French government to feed the people of Paris after the peace treaty contributed to the political turmoil. Despite having just gone through a harrowing experience of war and siege with the Germans, Minister Washburne was faced with a new war, a civil war, and a new siege, this time imposed from within. In 1880, Washburne was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President receiving over forty delegate votes in a losing cause to General James Garfield who later became President. At that same Republican convention, Washburne came in second place in the balloting for Vice President. In the contest for the number two spot, Elihu Washburne lost to Chester Arthur, who replaced Garfield as President after that Chief Executive was assassinated in 1881. In his Civil War generation, Elihu Benjamin Washburne was the Kilroy in Kilroy Was Here. It would be hard to find another person who lived in the middle of the nineteenth century who was at more important events or knew more important people than the Illinois Congressman, Secretary of State, and Envoy Extraordinary. This work explores the life and times of Elihu B. Washburne with special focus on his contributions to the politics of the American Civil War, the Franco-German War, and the Paris Commune. It further explored the famous people Washburne knew -- Abraham Lincoln, U. S. Grant, Andrew Johnson, Rutherford Hayes, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, Grover Cleveland, Henry Clay, Horace Greeley, Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Salmon Chase, Winfield Scott, Edwin Stanton, John Fremont, William Tecumseh Sherman, Joseph Smith, Otto von Bismarck, Emperor Napoleon III, Emperor Wilhelm I, and many others - and the part he played in their lives. Moreover, this work will also delve into his almost equally famous siblings and the role they played during this critical era in American and European history. Besides Elihu, who was the third born, several of his brothers would also be famous. Among these brothers would emerge one Senator in Congress, one Captain in the Navy, one General in the Army, two Governors from two different states, two Ministers to two different countries, four congressmen from four different states, and a Secretary of State. During the 34th, 35th, and 36th Congresses, Elihu, Israel, and Cadwallader served simultaneously in the House of Representatives. This was an "unprecedented" and "unequaled" family participation in that body. Later, William, the youngest, would be elected to the House making it four brothers from four different states- the most ever from one family to serve in the House of Representatives. One brother, Cadwallader Washburn, eventually became a millionaire, making the bulk of his money in the flour milling industry in Minnesota: "Cadwallader''s major contribution to the country was taking the hard spring wheat, easily raised in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and turning it into good flour, flour which won the first gold medal ever given to a non-European country, thus inspiring the brand name, Gold Medal Flour." The company he founded, Minnesota Mill Company out of Minneapolis, eventually became Washburn Crosby Flour Company. In 1928, Washburn Crosby, along with three other companies, joined forces to form the now, internationally known company of General Mills. Comments received concerning the biography: "Mark Washburne''s study of his ancestor, Elihu Benjamin Washburne, provides a needed study of this significant figure." For the People -- A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association. "Certainly, Elihu Washburne was one of the most influential members of Congress just before, during the Civil War, and even after. . . . Elihu Washburne and his family are traced extremely well in this volume. . . . Prof. [Mark] Washburne has made a most significant contribution to Lincolniana and United States history." Dr. Wayne C. Temple, Ph.D., Illinois State Archives Book Review from Lincoln Herald. "Elihu Washburne remained one of the unsung heroes of the Civil War and Reconstruction until his ancestor, Mark Washburne, embarked on his multi-volume biography of this remarkable politician and statesman. Congressman, and later American Minister to France, Washburne was not only the patron of Ulysses S. Grant but a staunch supporter of President Lincoln and his administration''s policies. This accounts for his serving as one of the president''s pallbearers and his appointment to the court of Louis Napoleon. Mark Washburne''s story of his relative needed telling and he does it with glibness and in a highly readable style." Hon. Frank J. Williams, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island; Chair, the Lincoln Forum; Author of Judging Lincoln. "Few government officials in Civil War Washington knew Abraham Lincoln as well or as long as Congressman Elihu Washburne -- or could boast closer relations with the rising star of the army, Ulysses S. Grant. Author Mark Washburne brings the precision of an historian and the passion of a relative to the task of chronicling his life, and the result is essential biography." Harold
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