While it has often been recognised that the development of Christian orthodoxy was stimulated by the speculations of those who are now called heretics, it is still widely assumed that their contribution was merely catalytic, that they called forth the exposition of what the main church already believed but had not yet been required to formulate.This book maintains that scholars have underrated the constructive role of these heretical speculations in the evolution of dogma, showing that salient elements in the doctrines of the fall, the Trinity and the union of God and man in Christ derive from teachings that were initially rejected by the main church. Mark Edwards also reveals how authors who epitomised orthodoxy in their own day sometimes favoured teachings which were later considered heterodox, and that their doctrines underwent radical revision before they became a fixed element of orthodoxy.The first half of the volume discusses the role of Gnostic theologians in the formation of catholic thought; the second half will offer an unfashionable view of the controversies which gave rise to the councils of Nicaea, Ephesus and Chalcedon . Many of the theories advanced here have not been broached elsewhere, and no synthesis on this scale had been attempted by other scholars. While this book proposes a revision in the scholarly perception of early Christendom, it also demonstrates the essential unity of the tradition.
In her Epilogue entitled "What Is His Greatness?", Ola Elizabeth Winslow stated in the first serious modern biography of Jonathan Edwards: "In a word, it is the greatness of one who had a determining art of initiating and directing a popular movement of far-reaching consequence, and who in addition, laid the foundations for a new system of religious thought, also of far-reaching consequence." After two and a half centuries since Edwards's death, Winslow's statement is undoubtedly true, and perhaps, more so now than ever. The recovery of Edwards pioneered by Perry Miller, Ola Winslow, and Thomas Schafer, among others, has become what is often referred to as an "Edwards renaissance," and has been made even more popular among lay people by John Piper, Stephen Nichols, and the like. Since the free online access of The Works of Jonathan Edwards by Yale University, dozens of books, and articles, as well as numerous dissertations, each year are written to seek a facet of Edwards's "greatness," and thus as an exemplar of his continued "far-reaching consequence." Jonathan Edwards, more than any other pre-revolutionary colonial thinker, grappled with the promises and perils of the Enlightenment. Organized by John T. Lowe and Daniel N. Gullotta, Jonathan Edwards within the Enlightenment brings together a group of young and early career scholars to present their propping the life, times, and theology of one of America's greatest minds. Many of these subjects have been seldom explored by scholars while others offer new and exciting avenues into well covered territory. Some of these topics include Edwards' interaction with and involvement in slavery, colonialism, racism, as well as musings on gender, populism, violence, pain, and witchcraft.
Christianity proclaims Christ and the incarnate word of God; the Bible is described as the Word of God in both Jewish and Christian tradition. Are these usages merely homonymous, or would the ancients have recognized a more intimate relation between the word incarnate and the word proclaimed? This book investigates the concept of logos in pagan, Jewish and Christian thought, with a view to elucidating the polyphonic functions which the word acquired when used in theological discourse. Edwards presents a survey of theological applications of the term Logos in Greek, Jewish and Christian thought from Plato to Augustine and Proclus. Special focus is placed on: the relation of words to images in representation of divine realm, the relation between the logos within (reason) and the logos without (speech) both in linguistics and in Christology, the relation between the incarnate Word and the written text, and the place of reason in the interpretation of revelation.Bringing together materials which are rarely synthesized in modern study, this book shows how Greek and biblical thought part company in their appraisal of the capacity of reason to grasp the nature of God, and how in consequence verbal revelation plays a more significant role in biblical teaching. Edwards shows how this entailed the rejection of images in Jewish and Christian thought, and how the manifestation in flesh of Christ as the living word of God compelled the church to reconsider both the relation of word to image and the interplay between the logos within and the written logos in the formulation of Christian doctrine."-- Publisher's description.
Christianity's demographics, vitality, and influence have tipped markedly toward the global South and East. Addressing this seismic shift, one of America's leading church historians shows how studying world Christianity changed and enriched his understanding of the nature of the faith as well as of its history. Mark Noll illustrates the riches awaiting anyone who gains even a preliminary understanding of the diverse histories that make up the Christian story. He shows how coming to view human culture as created by God was an important gift he received from the historical study of world Christian diversity, which then led him to a deeper theological understanding of Christianity itself. He also offers advice to students who sense a call to a learned vocation. This is the third book in the Turning South series, which offers reflections by eminent Christian scholars who have turned their attention and commitments beyond North America.
At the time of Christ, world politics was an ebb and flow of colliding empires and forces. The world knew only dynastic succession and rule by force. Israel was swept up in this world. Her expectations of deliverance, while diverse, had in common the anticipation of violent liberation by an alliance of God, the expected one (Theo), and Israel’s forces. Her vision included the subjugation of the world to Yahweh. Any messianic claimant would be expected to fulfill this hope. Mark’s story of Jesus must be read against such expectations of military power. Mark knows that Jesus’ plan of salvation differed radically from this. Rather than liberation through revolution, it involved deliverance through humble, loving service and cross-bearing. However, the disciples follow Jesus but do not understand Jesus’ purpose. They constantly expect war. So, the Gospel is then read from Mark’s full understanding and the disciples’ flawed perspective. In this first volume of Jesus in a World of Colliding Empires, Keown backgrounds Mark and the political situations of the world at the time. He then unpacks Mark 1:1—8:29 as Jesus seeks to show the disciples he is Messiah while drawing out the deep irony of their incomprehension.
Are the opportunities for faithful intellectual engagement and witness even greater now than before? These essays invite readers to a virtual "summit meeting" on the current state of the evangelical mind. The insights of national leaders in their fields will aid readers to reflect on the past contributions of evangelical institutions for the life of the mind as well as prospects for the future.
Most scholars of Reformed orthodoxy devote little attention to the nineteenth century, and most students of nineteenth century Reformed thought bypass the influence of Reformed orthodox ideas on their subjects. Aligning himself with Reformed theology in nineteenth century America, Charles Hodge's writings are an ideal place to bring such studies together. Hodge's American context and Reformed identity illustrate the persistence and change of Reformed ideas in a post-Enlightenment context. Encompassing philosophy, science, and theology, Ryan M. McGraw traces the development of Hodge's ideas with an eye both to Reformed orthodoxy and to American thought.
Derived from the Latin abiectus, literally meaning "thrown or cast down," "abjection" names the condition of being servile, wretched, or contemptible. In Western religious tradition, to be abject is to submit to bodily suffering or psychological mortification for the good of the soul. In Cast Down: Abjection in America, 1700-1850, Mark J. Miller argues that transatlantic Protestant discourses of abjection engaged with, and furthered the development of, concepts of race and sexuality in the creation of public subjects and public spheres. Miller traces the connection between sentiment, suffering, and publication and the role it played in the movement away from church-based social reform and toward nonsectarian radical rhetoric in the public sphere. He focuses on two periods of rapid transformation: first, the 1730s and 1740s, when new models of publication and transportation enabled transatlantic Protestant religious populism, and, second, the 1830s and 1840s, when liberal reform movements emerged from nonsectarian religious organizations. Analyzing eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conversion narratives, personal narratives, sectarian magazines, poems, and novels, Miller shows how church and social reformers used sensational accounts of abjection in their attempts to make the public sphere sacred as a vehicle for political change, especially the abolition of slavery.
Paul's letters to the Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians have struck an indelible impression on Christian tradition and piety. In this ACCS volume, the expository voices of Jerome, Origen, Augustine, Chrysostom, Ambrosiaster, Theodoret, Marius Victorinus, and Theodore of Mopsuestia speak again with eloquence and intellectual acumen.
Gnosticism, Christianity and late antique philosophy are often studied separately; when studied together they are too often conflated. These articles set out to show that we misunderstand all three phenomena if we take either approach. We cannot interpret, or even identify, Christian Gnosticism without Platonic evidence; we may even discover that Gnosticism throws unexpected light on the Platonic imagination. At the same time, if we read writers like Origen simply as Christian Platonists, or bring Christians and philosophers together under the porous umbrella of 'monotheism', we ignore fundamental features of both traditions.
This is the second edition of the Oxford Specialist Handbook in Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders aiming to provide its readership with the latest developments and innovation across the discipline. Alongside this update in content, the addition of new, insightful sections suggested by readers and other experts in the field, will allow the handbook to further develop as the premier quick reference guide for movement disorders. The varied and detailed composition of the handbook's chapters is extremely useful for the various readership of this title. The new edition advances the the knowledge and depth of the previous edition with the addition of a number of new sections. This new and improved edition will be a welcome and extremely useful addition to the neurological world.
There have been a large number of basic research studies of noninvasive brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Initial work focused on measuring: (1) the excitability of corticospinal output with threshold and input–output measures, and (2) the effectiveness of intracortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory systems using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), and silent period measures. Early suggestions of increased excitability and reduced inhibition have been progressively modified. There are conflicting reports on changes in excitability, silent period, and LICI, and the more consistent reduction in SICI is now viewed as a superimposed excitation rather than a primary deficit in a GABAergic mechanism. A small number of studies have suggested that premovement increases in corticospinal excitability may be prolonged in Parkinson’s disease, consistent with the suggestion of slower buildup of the motor command to move; there are also modifications of interhemispheric connections in patients with mirror movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has also been used to explore the involvement of motor cortex and cerebellum in resting and postural tremors by examining how readily they can be reset by single TMS pulses over each area. It can also probe the effects of deep brain stimulation of motor cortex excitability. Finally, new TMS techniques that examine synaptic plasticity in motor cortex have shown reduced excitability in patients off therapy which is restored when on therapy. Data are also emerging about the possible role of cortical plasticity in compensating for gradual loss of dopaminergic function prior to onset of clinical symptoms.
Religions of the Constantinian Empire' provides a synoptic review of Constantine's relation to all the cultic and theological traditions of the Empire during the period from his seizure of power in the west in 306 to the end of his reign as autocrat of both east and west in 337.
These two texts are fundamental for the understanding not only of Neoplatonism but also of the conventions of biography in late antiquity. Neither has received such extensive annotation before in English, and this new commentary makes full use of recent scholarship. The long introduction is intended both as a beginner's guide to Neoplatonism and as a survey of ancient biographical writing. ... this book will serve as a stimulating introduction to the world of late antiquauty. Classics Ireland https://global.oup.com/academic/product/9780853236153?cc=us Professor Mark J. Edwards is Tutor in Theology at Christ Church College, Oxford. His previous publications include Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church (2009), Image, Word and God in the Early Christian Centuries (2012) and Christians, Gnostics and Philosophers in Late Antiquity (2012)$cPublisher description.
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