In recent years, tropical forests have received more attention and have been the subject of greater environmental concern than any other kind of vegetation. There is an increasing public awareness of the importance of these forests, not only as a diminishing source of countless products used by mankind, nor for their effects on soil stabilization and climate, but as unrivalled sources of what today we call biodiversity. Threats to the continued existence of the forests represent threats to tens of thousands of species of organisms, both plants and animals. It is all the more surprising, therefore, that there have been no major scientific accounts published in recent years since the classic handbook by Paul W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest in 1952. Some excellent popular accounts of tropical rain forests have been published including Paul Richard's The Life of the Jungle, and Catherine Caulfield's In the Rainforest and Jungles, edited by Edward Ayensu. There have been numerous, often conflicting, assessments of the rate of conversion of tropical forests to other uses and explanations of the underlying causes, and in 1978 UNESCO/UNEPI FAO published a massive report, The Tropical Rain Forest, which, although full of useful information, is highly selective and does not fully survey the enormous diversity of the forests.
This book focuses on morphological and anatomical strategies developed by halophytes during evolution that allow them to survive in high-salt environments. These adaptive strategies refer to well integrated structural features, such as succulence, salt secretion (salt glands and vesicular hairs), aerenchyma, Kranz anatomy, bulliform cells, successive cambia, tracheoidioblasts and endodermis with pronounced Casparian strips. The authors present cross sections of the roots, stems and leaves of 62 halophyte species belonging to 18 families from different habitats and climates (temperate, Mediterranean). They also discuss the ecological, physiological and evolutionary aspects of the various adaptive structures in an integrative way. Beginning with the structural level, this book offers novel insights into the ecology of halophytes and opens new perspectives for the identification of salt-tolerant crop plants or halophytes that can be used for ecological purposes, such as bio-remediation and revegetation.
A self-contained treatment of finite Markov chains and processes, this text covers both theory and applications. Author Marius Iosifescu, vice president of the Romanian Academy and director of its Center for Mathematical Statistics, begins with a review of relevant aspects of probability theory and linear algebra. Experienced readers may start with the second chapter, a treatment of fundamental concepts of homogeneous finite Markov chain theory that offers examples of applicable models. The text advances to studies of two basic types of homogeneous finite Markov chains: absorbing and ergodic chains. A complete study of the general properties of homogeneous chains follows. Succeeding chapters examine the fundamental role of homogeneous infinite Markov chains in mathematical modeling employed in the fields of psychology and genetics; the basics of nonhomogeneous finite Markov chain theory; and a study of Markovian dependence in continuous time, which constitutes an elementary introduction to the study of continuous parameter stochastic processes.
Unfortunately, most of our well-versed, highly educated, scripturally correct, biblically strong, doctrinally true interpreters of the Christian Bible have a tendency in their presentation of biblical topics, interpretations, and various studies to utilize generic terms without taking time to define the terminology so that everyone is on the same basic foundation. This book, Genesis, the Origin of the Beginnings, however, brings out the basic foundational subject matters as inspired by God through men. It establishes the theme and purpose of the whole Bible, shows you why every subject revealed throughout the scripture began in Genesis, and focuses on definitely defining terms such as Gods love so that you will not have to rely on your own interpretation based on such statements as Gods love is sacrificial, unconditional, etc. You will no longer struggle with the question what image of God am I? and the true meaning of life and so on. You will then, in your future study of the scripture, be able to interpret all the symbolic, figurative, parabolic, and illustrative biblical revelations based on the foundational principles found in Genesis. You will find that the foundational principles are straightforward and transcend time, while situations are not and do not. Remember there is nothing simplistic about the written Word of God, who has created all the scripture to be known to all mankind of all times, regardless of future accumulation of knowledge and experience. So read Genesis, the Origin of the Beginnings and continue to grow in the Word.
This book explores the mobilisation of China’s wind and solar industries and examines the implications of this development to energy generation and distribution, innovation and governance. Unlike other publications that focus mainly on the formal policy landscape and statistics of industry development, this book delves deeper into the ways in which the wind and solar industries have evolved through negotiations made by the involved stakeholders, and how these industries play into larger Chinese development and policymaking interests. Overall, it sheds new light on the strategic development of China’s renewable energy industry, the flexible governance methods employed and the internal struggles which Chinese local, regional and central policymakers, and state-owned and private enterprises have faced. This book will be of great relevance to students and scholars of renewable energy technologies, energy policy and sustainability transitions, as well as policymakers with a specific interest in China.
This path-breaking addition to the Comparative Politics of Education series studies the influence of public opinion on the contemporary politics of education reform in Western Europe. The authors analyze new data from a survey of public opinion on education policy across eight countries, and they also provide detailed case studies of reform processes based on interviews with policy-makers and stakeholders. The book's core finding is that public opinion has the greatest influence in a world of 'loud' politics, when salience is high and attitudes are coherent. In contrast, when issues are salient but attitudes are conflicting, the signal of public opinion turns 'loud, but noisy' and party politics have a stronger influence on policy-making. In the case of 'quiet' politics, when issue salience is low, interest groups are dominant. This book is required reading for anyone seeking to make sense of policy-makers' selective responsiveness to public demands and concerns.
Rights-based Litigation, Urban Governance and Social Justice in South Africa considers the overlap between legal and everyday struggles for social and spatial justice in the particular context of Johannesburg, South Africa. Drawing from literature across disciplines of law, urban geography and urban planning, as well as from reported case-law concerning the invocation of constitutional rights in Johannesburg and other South African cities, the book critically examines whether, and to what extent, the invocation of legal rights before South African courts have contributed to the advancement of social justice in the city. It considers the impact of the legal assertion of different constituent aspects of the so-called "right to the city" on the many people simultaneously performing the right, the governance structures responsible for enabling and facilitating its enjoyment and, thirdly, the physical place in which it is performed. Drawing broad conclusions on the utility of rights-based litigation for the achievement of social change and spatial justice, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of South Africa, constitutional law, human rights law, regulatory law, sociology of rights, studies of law and society, urban studies, urban geography, governance studies, and development studies.
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