The Russian Great Reforms of the 1860s were the last major modernizing effort by the Romanov dynasty. From 1855 to 1861, Grand Duchess Elena, born Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (1807-1873), acted as the spokeswoman for the reform-minded circles of Russian society, bringing before her nephew Emperor Alexander II a group of civic-minded experts who formed the core of the committee that prepared the greatest and most complex of the reforms, the abolition of serfdom in Russia. The Grand Duchess’s involvement in these crucial events in Russian history highlights the considerable influence aristocratic women had in Russian society, quite unlike women of the same class and status in Western Europe. A study of the Grand Duchess Elena of Russia offers a new understanding of Russian and international events of the time, the Romanovs’ role in them, the degree of autonomy enjoyed by high-born women in Russia and the ways in which new ideas gained ground in the nineteenth-century Russian empire. Based on abundant and largely unused archival sources, published documents and literature of the period in French, Russian, German, Italian and English, this is the first book about Grand Duchess Elena and it expertly interweaves the story of a woman’s life with that of Imperial Russian high politics.
For much of the later nineteenth-century Britain regarded Russia as its main international rival, particularly as regarded the security of its colonial possessions in India. Yet, by 1907 Russia's political revolution, financial collapse and military defeat by Japan, transformed the situation, resulting in an Anglo-Russian rapprochement. As this book makes clear, whilst international affairs lay at the root of this new relationship, personal factors also played an important role in reversing many years of mutual animosity and suspicion. In particular the study explores the influence of the liberal anglophile Count Aleksandr Benckendorff, the Russian ambassador in London between 1903 and 1916. By 1905, Russia's multiple weaknesses required a prolonged period of external peace by eliminating frictions with the principal rival powers, Britain and Germany, while France and Britain realised that a British rapprochement with Russia would be necessary to counter Germany's power. Benckendorff, as one of the most important figures in the Russian diplomatic service, persuaded Nicholas II and his Foreign Minister, V.N. Lamsdorff, to drop their objections to various long-standing British demands in order to pave the way for a Triple Entente. Although the overarching Russian strategy was conceived as 'balancing' the imperial rivalries of Britain and Germany, numerous factors - not least Benckendorff's energetic pro-British stance - upset the scales and resulted in a stand-off with the Central Powers. Demonstrating how Benckendorff's fear of losing Britain's friendship made him oppose all Russia's efforts at improving Russo-German relations, this book underlines the pro-Entente policy’s role in setting Russia on the road to war. For when the Sarajevo crisis struck; there was now no hope of appealing to German goodwill to help defuse the situation. Instead Russia's status within the Entente depended on a show of determination and strength, which lead inexorably to a disaster of the Great War.
For much of the later nineteenth-century Britain regarded Russia as its main international rival, particularly as regarded the security of its colonial possessions in India. Yet, by 1907 Russia's political revolution, financial collapse and military defeat by Japan, transformed the situation, resulting in an Anglo-Russian rapprochement. As this book makes clear, whilst international affairs lay at the root of this new relationship, personal factors also played an important role in reversing many years of mutual animosity and suspicion. In particular the study explores the influence of the liberal anglophile Count Aleksandr Benckendorff, the Russian ambassador in London between 1903 and 1916. By 1905, Russia's multiple weaknesses required a prolonged period of external peace by eliminating frictions with the principal rival powers, Britain and Germany, while France and Britain realised that a British rapprochement with Russia would be necessary to counter Germany's power. Benckendorff, as one of the most important figures in the Russian diplomatic service, persuaded Nicholas II and his Foreign Minister, V.N. Lamsdorff, to drop their objections to various long-standing British demands in order to pave the way for a Triple Entente. Although the overarching Russian strategy was conceived as 'balancing' the imperial rivalries of Britain and Germany, numerous factors - not least Benckendorff's energetic pro-British stance - upset the scales and resulted in a stand-off with the Central Powers. Demonstrating how Benckendorff's fear of losing Britain's friendship made him oppose all Russia's efforts at improving Russo-German relations, this book underlines the pro-Entente policy’s role in setting Russia on the road to war. For when the Sarajevo crisis struck; there was now no hope of appealing to German goodwill to help defuse the situation. Instead Russia's status within the Entente depended on a show of determination and strength, which lead inexorably to a disaster o
This is an original work, meticulously researched, rich in detail, and written in a clear and – here and there – refreshingly pungent style. (...) I regard it as a first-rate contribution to the diplomatic methods of the 100 years before the First World War." - G.R. Berridge, Emeritus Professor of International Politics, University of Leicester "Marina Soroka has made exceptional use of Russian manuscript sources from among imperial archives and family papers to enrich a well-grounded perspective of the European watering place as a forum for brokering national destinies and forging political careers." - Jonathan Keates, Times Literary Supplement "At times captivating like a novel, The Summer Capitals of Europe narrates the role of spas in the geopolitical set-up of nineteenth-century Europe." - Corriere della Sera "an important and overdue contribution" - Ben Anderson, Keele University, English Historical Review This book is about the European health spas of the nineteenth century: what they were, how they operated, what life was like there and how their functions evolved to the point where their original medicinal purpose was relegated to a secondary place by the unintended uses of spas as stages of social and political interactions. These popular resorts were nicknamed ‘the summer capitals of Europe’ because of the tendency of nations’ governing classes to gather there. Every summer between 1814 and 1914 (and in a few cases during World War I) continental watering places became a microcosm of cosmopolitan aristocratic Europe, incorporating its conventions, tastes, concerns and interests. As the nineteenth century advanced, fashionable watering stations increasingly became associated with social bonding, matchmaking, pleasure, career building, conspicuous consumption and diplomatic activity that took place during the high season.
In developing economies, a shift to working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic varies substantially. An increase in teleworking days per week ranges from 0.7 to 17.6 percentage points across 10 developing countries covered by an online survey to about 500 respondents per country. An estimated income discount associated with telework disappeared temporarily at the onset of the pandemic. A calibrated model indicates that workers’ preferences to telework may largely depend on their educational attainments. Whether telework will sustain in these countries could depend on obstacles to telework, particularly for workers with less education, and a degree of economy-wide externality.
From reflections of three hundred years of history to expressions of the most modern design, Architecture Walks guides readers on a tour of nearly one hundred inspiring, informative, and aesthetically intriguing architectural treasures in and around New York and the surrounding area, including Connecticut, New Jersey, the eastern edge of Pennsylvania, and Delaware. This book also incorporates descriptions of architectural styles, suggestions for special adventures, lists of jaunts arranged by architect or designer, architectural style, and particular types of sites, and forty photos.
Although Plato has long been known as a critic of imagination and its limits, Marina Berzins McCoy explores the extent to which images also play an important, positive role in Plato's philosophical argumentation. She begins by examining the poetic educational context in which Plato is writing and then moves on to the main lines of argument and how they depend upon a variety of uses of the imagination, including paradigms, analogies, models, and myths. McCoy takes up the paradoxical nature of such key metaphysical images as the divided line and cave: on the one hand, the cave and divided line explicitly state problems with images and the visible realm. On the other hand, they are themselves images designed to draw the reader to greater intellectual understanding. The author gives a perspectival reading, arguing that the human being is always situated in between the transcendence of being and the limits of human perspective. Images can enhance our capacity to see intellectually as well as to reimagine ourselves vis-à-vis the timeless and eternal. Engaging with a wide range of continental, dramatic, and Anglo-American scholarship on images in Plato, McCoy examines the treatment of comedy, degenerate regimes, the nature of mimesis, the myth of Er, and the nature of Platonic dialogue itself.
Eve longs to escape from her rigidly disciplinarian father, and experience life away from her small Herefordshire village. Her brother James longs to join the army fighting Napoleon in the peninsula. Eve is fascinated by cider-making, and despite her father's disapproval, makes it with the help of a local farmer. When Justin, the Earl of Newark, discovers her in boys' clothes high up an apple tree picking her apples, he is intrigued.
Today's world is crowded with international laws and institutions that govern the global economy. This post-World War Two accumulation of hard multilateral and soft plurilateral institutions by no means constitutes a comprehensive, coherent and effective system of global economic governance. Indeed, there are no genuinely global intergovernmental multilateral organizations of consequence dedicated to overseeing such critical domains as energy, investment and competition policy. As intensifying globalization thrusts many longstanding domestic issues onto the international stage, there is a growing need to create at the global level the more comprehensive, coherent and effective governance system that citizens have long taken for granted at home. Yet the traditional means of producing such an integrated, updated, appropriate architecture for global governance are not at hand." "This book offers the first comprehensive look at this critical question of international relations. It examines how and how well the multilateral organizations and the G8 are dealing with the central challenges facing the contemporary international community, how they have worked well and poorly together, and how they can work together more effectively to provide badly needed public goods."--Page [iv] of cover.
These Twelve Days" is an informative, entertaining family guide to understanding and celebrating the traditional twelve days after Christmas. It shares the history of the days following Christ's birth, from the Feast of Stephen to the Feast of the Holy Family, from the stories of Mary and Joseph to those of the Holy Innocents and the Magi. This book gives families meaningful ways to keep the joy and excitement of Christ's birth alive after Christmas Day.
“[A] breathtaking sequel. . . . Sci-fi action and adventure held together by universally human themes; this is the genre at its very best.” —Kirkus Reviews, starred review Generations ago, Convoy Seven and I.C.C. left Earth on a mission that would take them far beyond the solar system. Launched by the Planet United Consortium, a global group formed to pursue cooperative Earth-wide interests in deep space, nine ships headed into the unknown to explore a distant star called LQ Pyx. Eons later, the convoy has returned to LQ Pyx to begin work on the Web, the alien megastructure that covers the star. Is it a Dyson Sphere, designed to power a civilization as everyone believes—or something far more sinister? Meanwhile, Planet United’s littlest convoy, long thought to be lost, reemerges in a different sector of deep space. What they discover holds the answers to unlocking the Web’s greater purpose. Each convoy possesses a piece of the Web’s puzzle . . . but they may not be able to bring those pieces together and uncover the structure’s true nature before it’s too late. “Ambitious and effective. . . . Lostetter remains at the forefront of innovation in hard science fiction.” —Publishers Weekly, starred review “Lostetter delivers another feast for fans of hard science fiction.” —Booklist
Baedeker China captures the splendor and unveils the mystery of one of the world's oldest civilizations and fastest-growing international economic powers. Readers will be transported to ancient China's Forbidden City, Imperial tombs, Daoist shrines and Buddhist caves while they learn about contemporary customs, cuisines and cultural festivals.
THESE STRATEGIES WILL GIVE YOU SUPERPOWERS Many books have been written about the high-performance habits successful entrepreneurs adopt, from their daily meditation to how they lead their teams. For Marina Nicholas, her fascination was more about their entrepreneurial journey. 1. From Zero: When starting a business, what strategies did they adopt to overcome the odds? 2. To Hero: As a highly successful entrepreneur, how did they use their wealth to help humanity and the planet? After years of extensive research, Marina discovered that just eight strategies were adopted by billionaire entrepreneurs. PROBLEM—PERSEVERANCE POSITIONING—PROXIMITY—PEOPLE—PARTNERSHIPS—PROCESS—PLANET Whether you enjoy inspirational stories or seek to discover your superpower, the strategies and exercises in this book will help you. Each of the eight strategies is illustrated by real case studies. Over 25 case studies like these: • A white trouser problem led to a billion-dollar empire • The invention of a passionate surfer leads to sales of 35 million cameras • A 7-year journey of poverty and rejection led to a $500 million franchise • A happy tribe built a $1.2 billion company • A monk builds a tribe of 35 million followers within 4 years • A village visit resulted in 100 million pairs of shoes gifted
The most comprehensive and up-to-date high-yield review available for the USMLE® Step 2 CK—completely revised and better than ever! The expert author team that guided students to success on the USMLE® Step 1 presents the latest edition of this skill-sharpening review for the USMLE® Step 2 CK. With an easy-to-follow bulleted presentation of must-know diseases and disorders, this one-of-a-kind study companion offers the most current overview of all core areas on the boards. Included is a host of learning tools, from key facts and mnemonics to full-color illustrations and proven test-taking strategies―everything students need to pass the exam with flying colors. Co-written by students who excelled on the recent exam and reviewed by top faculty Concise summaries of more than 1,000 commonly tested clinical topics for fast, high-yield study Key Facts and mnemonics reinforce must-know concepts Expert coverage of best initial steps in diagnosis and management Updated Rapid Review section facilitates last-minute cramming Hundreds of full-color photographs and illustrations Revised study and test-taking strategies A completely updated listing of top-rated review sources
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