In the spring of 1993 a meeting of the European Charcot Foundation was held in Bari as it was quite clear that there was a renaissance of Italian interest in cerebro spinal fluid. Two of the influential figures with a long-standing commitment to this field were Professor Paolo Livrea and Dr. Maria Trojano. At this meeting we con sidered the possibility of collecting together the various papers which had been presented, however the idea evolved further to the present volume, which incor porates a broader view. This starts with the anatomical approach, including neuro pathology, CSF cells and MRI correlations. It also includes virology, physiology of the blood-CSF barrier and the immunology of intrathecal responses. It further con siders the relevance of the CSF parameters to therapy. Finally, the importance of quality assurance and handling of the precious fluid is discussed. The original plan was to have the book published in Italian, but we are grateful to the publishers for allowing English text, in order to have a wider, international audience. As is fate of any book, interest in this area has been accelerated considerably; nevertheless we hope this provides a summary from a multi-disciplinary point of view. From a pu rely personal point of view, it certainly reflects the warmth of feeling which was evident at the meeting, and which led to the toast "Arrivederci, Bari". E. J.
Immunology has developed quite impressively over the past decade and perhaps very few fields in medicine or biology have grown so explosively. Completely new fields have been elucidated in depth. We recall only the definition of the nature and function of RLA antigens at the molecular level. the chemical and functional identification of several cytokines. and the correlation to particular immunological functions of specific epitopes present on cellular mem branes. The extensive application of immunological techniques and concepts to the neurological sciences has led to the development of neuroimmunology. a disci pline in its infancy until few years ago. In these last years. neuroimmunology has developed researches in various fields. RLA antigens were studied at the cellular level in brain samples and in CSF cells in several diseases. Cytokines. such as interleukin 1 and 2. gamma- and alpha-interferons. and tumor necrosis factor alpha. were studied at the immunohistological level and with quantitative methods in serum and CSF. With these data. new relevant insights were obtained on the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS immunological diseases. Moreover. neuroimmunological researches were carried on through the development of new and more 'specific' technologies for the study of natural and experimental diseases. the most important of which seem to be. at present. the techniques of cell cultures for cell lines specific to the CNS (oligodendrocytes. astroglia. microglia. meningeal cells. brain capillary cells and tumor cells).
At a time when women were generally excluded from scholarly discourse in the intellectual centers of Europe, four extraordinary female letterate proved their parity as they lectured in prominent scientific and literary academies and published in respected journals. During the Italian Enlightenment, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Giuseppa Eleonora Barbapiccola, Diamante Medaglia Faini, and Aretafila Savini de' Rossi were afforded unprecedented deference in academic debates and epitomized the increasing ability of women to influence public discourse. The Contest for Knowledge reveals how these four women used the methods and themes of their male counterparts to add their voices to the vigorous and prolific debate over the education of women during the eighteenth century. In the texts gathered here, the women discuss the issues they themselves thought most urgent for the equality of women in Italian society specifically and in European culture more broadly. Their thoughts on this important subject reveal how crucial the eighteenth century was in the long history of debates about women in the academy.
In the spring of 1993 a meeting of the European Charcot Foundation was held in Bari as it was quite clear that there was a renaissance of Italian interest in cerebro spinal fluid. Two of the influential figures with a long-standing commitment to this field were Professor Paolo Livrea and Dr. Maria Trojano. At this meeting we con sidered the possibility of collecting together the various papers which had been presented, however the idea evolved further to the present volume, which incor porates a broader view. This starts with the anatomical approach, including neuro pathology, CSF cells and MRI correlations. It also includes virology, physiology of the blood-CSF barrier and the immunology of intrathecal responses. It further con siders the relevance of the CSF parameters to therapy. Finally, the importance of quality assurance and handling of the precious fluid is discussed. The original plan was to have the book published in Italian, but we are grateful to the publishers for allowing English text, in order to have a wider, international audience. As is fate of any book, interest in this area has been accelerated considerably; nevertheless we hope this provides a summary from a multi-disciplinary point of view. From a pu rely personal point of view, it certainly reflects the warmth of feeling which was evident at the meeting, and which led to the toast "Arrivederci, Bari". E. J.
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