Though more than 300 years have elapsed since the first description of the peculiar course of the spinal accessory (XI) nerve by Willis (1664), the crucial problems concerning what is known as accessory field of musculature and its innervation are still unsolved and a matter of controversy. Like the bulbar XI, the spinal XI nerve is commonly regarded as originally a branch of the vagus and, therefore, as a cranial nerve (Fiirbringer 1897; Gegenbaur 1898; Lubosch 1899). However, whether this nerve is of special visceral or somatic derivation is still debated. The conventional distinction between these function ally separate categories of cranial nerves is based largely on two criteria, namely, the position of the cranial nerve nucleus and the embryological derivation of the muscles innervated by this nerve. Unfortunately, little is known about the development of this accessory field of musculature, and the evidence concern ing the position of the spinal XI nucleus is contradictory. In fact, although the spinal XI nerve is usually regarded as a purely efferent nerve belong ing to the special visceral efferent group of cranial nerves and innervating muscles derived from the branchial mesoderm, each of these properties has been questioned. Consequently, the classification of the nerve is still unset tled. Evidence in support of a special visceral origin of the spinal XI nerve is found in the phylogenetic history of the spinal XI nucleus.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Web Conference, APWeb 2003, held in Xian, China in April 2003. The 39 revised full papers and 16 short papers presented together with two invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 136 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on XML and database design; efficient XML data management; XML transformation; Web mining; Web clustering, ranking, and profiling; payment and security; Web application architectures; advanced applications; Web multimedia; network protocols; workflow management systems; advanced search; and data allocation and replication.
Winner of the 2014 Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for Comparative Literary Studies, awarded by the Modern Language Association. Theories of power have always been intertwined with theories of fatherhood: paternity is the oldest and most persistent metaphor of benign, legitimate rule. The paternal trope gains its strength from its integration of law, body, and affect-in the affirmative model of fatherhood, the biological father, the legal father, and the father who protects and nurtures his children are one and the same, and in a complex system of mutual interdependence, the father of the family is symbolically linked to the paternal gods of monotheism and the paternal ruler of the monarchic state. If tragedy is the violent eruption of a necessary conflict between competing, legitimate claims, The Tragedy of Fatherhood argues that fatherhood is an essentially tragic structure. Silke-Maria Weineck traces both the tensions and various strategies to resolve them through a series of readings of seminal literary and theoretical texts in the Western cultural tradition. In doing so, she demonstrates both the fragility and resilience of fatherhood as the most important symbol of political power. A long history of fatherhood in literature, philosophy, and political thought, The Tragedy of Fatherhood weaves together figures as seemingly disparate as Aristotle, Freud, Kafka, and Kleist, to produce a stunning reappraisal of the nature of power in the Western tradition.
The thesaurus of the Greek language (1972-2022) : a brief history of the project -- Classifications and conventions : the Canon standard -- Acknowledgments -- Codes and sigla -- Bibliographic abbreviations -- The Canon of Greek authors and works -- Index of TLG author numbers.
This book analyzes the impact of the digital economy on customer satisfaction, shopping experience, resistance to change, script theory, and loyalty. The model introduced assumes that online markets have led to a redefinition of the concepts of loyalty and shopping scripts as a way to reduce customers’ cognitive effort, by optimizing purchase time and increasing the speed and satisfaction of the shopping experience. It describes the utility function of the script by retaining customer loyalty and making the customer more reluctant to abandon his regular supplier. It also explores the difficulty faced by the higher churn rate on the Internet and the minimization of search costs, by integrating more functionality to achieve the ultimate goal of behavioral and cognitive loyalty. The authors provide an analysis in a "digital" view of the economic theory of switching costs and the resulting lock-in mechanisms which, in a classical economy, are often a barrier to disloyalty. It is a useful and effective tool for online businesses, their main managerial and strategic implications, and the adaptability to existing contexts.
Foundations of Biomaterials Engineering provides readers with an introduction to biomaterials engineering. With a strong focus on the essentials of materials science, the book also examines the physiological mechanisms of defense and repair, tissue engineering and the basics of biotechnology. An introductory section covers materials, their properties, processing and engineering methods. The second section, dedicated to Biomaterials and Biocompatibility, deals with issues related to the use and application of the various classes of materials in the biomedical field, particularly within the human body, the mechanisms underlying the physiological processes of defense and repair, and the phenomenology of the interaction between the biological environment and biomaterials. The last part of the book addresses two areas of growing importance: Tissue Engineering and Biotechnology. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, students and all those looking for a comprehensive and concise introduction to biomaterials engineering. Offers a one-stop source for information on the essentials of biomaterials and engineering Useful as an introduction or advanced reference on recent advances in the biomaterials field Developed by experienced international authors, incorporating feedback and input from existing customers
This book contains the papers presented at a NATO Advanced Research Institute on "Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems", held at Heraklion-Crete, Greece, from September 23-27, 1983. A workshop rather than a conference, it was sponsored by the Eco-Sciences Special Programme Panel, in cooperation with the Marine Science Panel. The third of its kind, it was scheduled in the framework of a project on a multidisciplinary integrated approach to the study of the Mediterranean. This Sea and the surrounding land was not only the cradle of many civilizations but is, up to the present time, one of the major world areas of marine traffic, communication and exchanges, fisheries and aquacultures, inshore human activities and ••• pollu tion. To a certain degree it constitutes a gigantic natural labo ratory, where the fate of threatened aquatic and terrestrial eco systems including the human one, is tested. The Mediterranean Sea, with its geological history and present day geographic, hydrological and climatic conditions is believed to form an ecological entity. Important exchanges and mutual influences take place with the surrounding land area and the water masses, naturally (Atlantic, Black Sea) or artificially (Red Sea), connected to the Mediterranean. Therefore, a better and in-depth knowledge of the various ecosystems, benthic, planktonic and nektonic, neritic or pelagic, in the Western or the Eastern Basin seems to be a pre requisite to any action in preserving, upgrading and managing the natural resources of the area.
This last volume of the SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences series is setup in 5 main parts. The 1st part shortly summarizes the history of life science research in space from the late 40s until today with focus on Europe and Germany, followed by a part on describing flight opportunities including the Space Shuttle/Spacelab system and the International Space Station ISS; in the 3rd part it focuses on extraordinary success stories of this constantly challenging research program and highlights some important key findings in space life science research. The book introduces in the 4th part innovative developments in non-invasive biomedical diagnostics and training methods for astronauts that emerge from this program and are of benefit for people on Earth especially in the aging society. Last but not least in its 5th part it closes with an outlook on the future of space life sciences in the upcoming era of space exploration. The book is intended for students and research scientists in the life sciences and biomedicine as well as for interested lay persons, who wish to get an overview of space life science research: its ́ early days, current status and future directions.
Multimedia data require specialised management techniques because the representations of colour, time, semantic concepts, and other underlying information can be drastically different from one another. This textbook on multimedia data management techniques gives a unified perspective on retrieval efficiency and effectiveness. It provides a comprehensive treatment, from basic to advanced concepts, that will be useful to readers of different levels, from advanced undergraduate and graduate students to researchers and to professionals. After introducing models for multimedia data (images, video, audio, text, and web) and for their features, such as colour, texture, shape, and time, the book presents data structures and algorithms that help store, index, cluster, classify, and access common data representations. The authors also introduce techniques, such as relevance feedback and collaborative filtering, for bridging the 'semantic gap' and present the applications of these to emerging topics, including web and social networking.
An uncompleted manuscript that combines lyric poetry and prose commentary, the Banquet (or Convivio) is one of Dante Alighieri’s most important and least understood philosophical texts. As Maria Luisa Ardizzone shows, its language and logic are deeply connected to medieval culture and the philosophical debates of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. In Reading as the Angels Read, Ardizzone reconstructs the cultural and socio-political background that provided the motivation for the Banquet and offers a bold new reading of this ambitious work. Drawing on a deep knowledge of Dante’s engagement with biblical, Augustinian, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian philosophy, she suggests that the Banquet is not an encyclopedia of learning as many have claimed, but Dante’s attempt to articulate a theory of human happiness in which perfect knowledge is the natural basis for a well-organized political community.
Despite the massive influx of Hollywood movies and films from other European countries after World War II, Austrian film continued to be hugely popular with Austrian and German audiences. By examining the decisive role that popular cinema played in the turbulent post-war era, this book provides unique insights into the reconstruction of a disrupted society. Through detailed analysis of the stylistic patterns, narratives and major themes of four popular genres of the time, costume film, Heimatfilm, tourist film and comedy, the book explains how popular cinema helped to shape national identity, smoothed conflicted gender relations and relieved the Austrians from the burden of the Nazi past through celebrating the harmonious, charming, musical Austrian man.
This book offers the state of the art on the progress and accomplishments of 25 years of research at the Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials on lignin conversion to value-added products and their downstream separation. The first valorisation pathway presented for lignin is its partial depolymerisation by oxidation for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, such as vanillin and syringaldehyde, and the second one is the lignin application as macromonomer for polyurethane synthesis. In this book, the authors present the integration of these two valorisation pathways as an exclusive vision of LSRE-LCM resulting from hands-on experience on reaction and separation processes: the integrated process for lignin valorisation. In this perspective, the lignin is oxidized to simultaneously produce syringaldehyde and vanillin, and the obtained by-products to produce a polyol for lignin-based polyurethanes, completing the lignin value chain. On the perspective of pulp mill-related biorefineries, a valorisation route for eucalyptus bark is also presented, focusing on LSRE-LCM experience on extraction and separation of bioactive polyphenols, giving some insights about further integration of extracted bark on biorefining operations.
An in-depth analysis of complex clinical situations involving multiple concurrent diseases, this book reviews the clinical presentation and management of interactions among medical conditions, including myofascial pain, headache, fibromyalgia, visceral pain, hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, low back pain, obesity, depression, and anxiety. This is a must-have volume for clinicians who treat chronic pain patients, general practitioners, clinical psychologists, medical students, nurses, and clinical investigators.
Conventional treatments for diabetic retinopathy (DR) includes glycemic control, laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy, intravitreal triamcinolone, and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. However these strategies have not proved capable of halting the progression of this disease in all cases. The mechanisms leading to DR are not fully understood, but there is a growing body of evidence showing that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of this diabetic complication. In fact it has been proposed that oxidative stress is the initial and maintaining event that triggers and provides feedback to the other pathophysiological pathways related to DR. The experimental data discussed in this review show that different antioxidant agents may prevent various biochemical and structural alterations in retinal cells cultured under hyperglycemic conditions, and also in experimental diabetic animals. Although the results of human trials are somewhat variable, some clinical studies have provided promising results.
Cavalcanti's work is interpreted by reconstructing the debate of ideas in which it participates, and the new model of poetry devised by Cavalcanti is one of the subjects of this book."--BOOK JACKET.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electronic Government held in September 2007. The 37 revised papers were selected from numerous submissions. They cover research foundations, frameworks and methods, process design and interoperability, electronic services, policies and strategies, assessment and evaluation, participation and democracy, and perspectives on e-government.
In this book the author's theoretical framework builds on linguistic and psychological research, arguing that similar image-schematic notions should be grouped together into interconnected family hierarchies, with complexity increasing with regard to the addition of spatial and conceptual primitives. She introduces an image schema logic as a language to model image schemas, and she shows how the semantic content of image schemas can be used to improve computational concept invention. The book will be of value to researchers in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, psychology, and creativity.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Electronic Government, EGOV 2008, held in Torino, Italy, in August/September 2008 within the DEXA 2008 conference cluster. The 32 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 119 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on strategies and frameworks, motivators, and contexts, assessment, evaluation and benefit models for ICT investments, inclusion and user-centred design, interoperability and application of semantic technologies in e-government.
This atlas provides a concise overview of the principle of fat grafting and its clinical applications to treat aging in the central areas of the face in a minimally invasive manner. The authors start with a short description of the anatomical basis of facial aging and by presenting current facial rejuvenation techniques. Here the emphasis is on the process of harvesting and preparing macro-, micro-, intradermal and nano-fat for injection. Thanks to the book’s numerous illustrations and short descriptions, readers will find valuable information on where and how to inject the fat combined with the authors’ individual techniques and refinements. Aging is a major issue in today’s society. Facial rejuvenation procedures seek to enhance the final outcome and durability of surgery and to minimize drawbacks. The current trend is to use less invasive methods requiring fewer incisions, which produce more natural-looking results. This atlas shows the authors’ personal techniques to help achieve that goal.
Nanoarchitectonics for Smart Delivery and Drug Targeting is one of the first books on the market to exclusively focus on the topic of nanoarchitectonics, a rapidly developing area of nanotechnology which allows scientists to arrange nanoscale structural units, typically a group of atoms or molecules, in an intended configuration. This book assesses novel applications of nanomaterials in the areas of smart delivery and drug targeting using nanoarchitectonics and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each application. Provides a scholarly introduction to the uses of nanoarchitectonics in drug delivery and targeting Explores novel opportunities and ideas for developing and improving nanoscale drug delivery systems through the use of nanoarchitectonics, allowing scientists to see how this exciting new technology is used in practice Assesses the pros and cons of each application, allowing readers to assess when it is most appropriate to use nanoarchitectonics in drug delivery
Claudio Monteverdi: A Research and Information Guide is an annotated bibliography that navigates the vast scholarly resources on the composer with the most updated compilation since 1989. Claudio Monteverdi transformed and mastered the principal genres of his day and his works influenced generations of musicians and other artists. He initiated one of the most important aesthetic debates of the era by proposing a new relationship between poetry and harmony. In addition to scholarship by musicologists and music theorists, Monteverdi’s music has attracted attention from literary scholars, cultural historians, and critical theorists. Research into Monteverdi and Renaissance and early baroque studies has expanded greatly, with the field becoming more complex as scholars address such issues as gender theory, feminist criticism, cultural theory, new criticism, new historicism, and artistic and popular cultures. The guide serves both as a foundational starting point and as a gateway for future inquiry in such fields as court culture, opera, patronage, and Italian poetry.
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