The past, present, and possible future of the agency designed to act as "the world's environmental conscience." The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) was founded in 1972 as a nimble, fast, and flexible entity at the core of the UN system--a subsidiary body rather than a specialized agency. It was intended to be the world's environmental conscience, an anchor institution that established norms and researched policy, leaving it to other organizations to carry out its recommendations. In this book, Maria Ivanova offers a detailed account of UNEP's origin and history. Ivanova counters the common criticism that UNEP was deficient by design, arguing that UNEP has in fact delivered on much (though not all) of its mandate.
A plethora of environmental problems are ravaging the planet and its inhabitants. How well do existing structures convene governments to address these challenges? What is the role of science and civil society in this context? And, does international cooperation properly support countries with limited capacities? This report seeks to respond to these questions, based on an analysis of actions taken to renew international environmental governance to fulfill commitments made at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012. This report outlines possibilities to strengthen the UN Environment Programme and to enhance synergies among global environmental conventions to ensure that international environmental governance continues evolving and improving to secure human well-being and planetary health.
Grew out of the Global Environmental Governance Project sponsored by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy which began in 1998. Governance is the greatest challenge facing the international community. In fact, only if the nations of the world cooperate in establishing institutions and rules in support of the global common good will the phrase 'international community' have practical meaning.Otherwise, sovereign nations will live, and very likely die, not in a community at all but in a Hobbesian jungle. The scholars and practitioners assembled here discuss options and opportunities for better management of our ecological interdependence.
This dissertation provides a greater understanding of the structural changes that the rapid economic growth of China has had on partner countries in Latin America. I have conducted three different analyses: one at the plant level, one at the industry level and one at the macroeconomic level. The first two studies seek the same objective of analyzing if at the microeconomic level competition with Chinese products has affected plant and industry outcomes. In the plant level analysis I evaluate effects of competition with Chinese products on plant productivity. In the industry level analysis I study if competition with Chinese imports displaces women from manufacturing jobs. In the third study I evaluate business cycle synchronization of the Latin American region and its main trade partners, paying particular attention to the potential structural shift in growth trends as a result of Chinese growth. In the following lines I provide more detail about each of the chapters. In the first chapter I analyze if competition with Chinese products increased plant productivity in the manufacturing sector of Chile during 1995--2006. I find evidence suggesting that during this period Chilean manufacturing plants that remained producing and were exposed to competition from Chinese products were more productive than exiting plants. However, I do not find that plants increase their productivity over time due to competition with China. The productivity differential with Chinese products between exiting and surviving plants with China may then be attributed to a level of efficiency of these plants prior to the onset of Chinese product competition. As a result, I find that plants are not improving due the Chinese competition but it is those plants that are productive enough the ones that manage to survive. In the second Chapter I measure if competition with Chinese imports has negatively affected female employment in the manufacturing sector of Chile during the period 1995--2006. My findings indicate that female employment as a share of total adult women has decreased as a result of this competition. This is not the case for the male employment which seems unaffected by competition with Chinese imports. Finally, in the third chapter I evaluate if there are differences in business cycle fluctuations in Latin American countries as China's penetration in global markets has increased. I do this by dividing the latest 30 years of economic growth for the larger economies in Latin America and the main trade partners of the region (the US, the European Union and China) in two sub-periods: before and after the accession of China to the World Trade Organization. My findings suggest that after the Chinese accession to the World Trade Organization, a period that coincides with a greater penetration of China to global markets, international shocks are felt more strongly in Latin American countries than before. This result, together with the fact that I find evidence of Latin American countries and the main trade partners follow three different type of international shocks, suggests that one of these could be attributed to Chinese growth.
The book is coined to provide a professional insight into the different trends of immunoassay and related techniques. It encompasses 22 chapters which are grouped into two sections. The first section consists of articles dealing with emerging uni-and-multiplex immunolabelled methods employed in the various areas of research. The second section includes review articles which introduce the researchers to some immunolabelled techniques which are of vital significance such as the use of the conjugates of the Staphylococcus aureus protein "A" and the Streptococcus Spps. protein "G" in immunolabelled assay systems, the use of bead-based assays and an overview on the laboratory assay systems. The book provides technological innovations that are expected to provide an efficient channel for developments in immunolabelled and related techniques. It is also most useful for researchers and post-graduate students, in all fields, where immunolabelled techniques are applicable.
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