Firs and pines dominated the global picture of the raw materials for paper industry until the 1950s. At that time, the interest in introducing new species, mostly hardwoods, led the researchers intensify efforts to look for the fibrous characteristics and their combinations that could represent the relationship between fibres, pulp and paper.The pulp and paper industry has shown, mainly in the last two decades, a strong North-South displacement. This is to a large extent due to the favourable climate, which promote the development of the trees. Similarly, the paper fibres have gone from being almost exclusively softwoods from natural forests of the Northern-Hemisphere cold regions, such as spruce and fir, to fast growing species of short fibres, such as eucalyptus, and willow and poplar hybrids from plantations.These new species, that begin to dominate the paper panorama, not only differ from classic ones in fibre length, but they present particular characteristics, like large amounts of juvenile wood, different fibrillar angle and so on, because trees are used increasingly at younger age.This leads us to question whether the old paradigms concerning the relationships between fibres characteristics and pulp properties are still valid or should be reviewed and updated, in which case, the basic fibre parameters, their influence in pulping and refining, and their impact on paper quality should be redefined.To establish the state-of-the-art on the topic, this book analyses the publications of the last decade to verify the morphological characteristics of the fibres which are nowadays considered relevant. Relatively recent data were surveyed because of the continuous changes that occur in the species by genetic improvement.
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive technique for imaging the microvasculature of the retina and the choroid. The advent of OCTA has allowed ophthalmologists to identify new pathologies, recognise new syndromes, and organise disorders with new classifications. This atlas provides clinicians with state-of-the-art principles of clinical OCTA imaging, helping them interpret and understand the features of the angiographic images. Following the success of the first edition (9789351528999) published in 2015, this second edition has been fully revised, with all chapters rewritten and new topics added to provide the very latest advances in the field. New knowledge about existing diseases and new disorders are described in depth, and operating principles, clinical applications, and future developments are explained thoroughly by the pioneers of the technology. The first part of the atlas covers the basic principles of OCT angiography, methods and technology, image interpretation, vascular anatomy of the retina, and clinical applications. Part two provides a general update on current research into OCT angiography in various retinal, choroid and anterior chamber disorders. The third and final part of the book describes future clinical applications and implications of next generation devices. This new edition is an invaluable guide for ophthalmologists and trainees for use in everyday practice.
Sustainable agrocolture and food security are of particular concern for the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and represent one of the biggest challenges facing the area. As a consequence of the region’s heavy reliance on food imports, the sharp increase in food prices since 2007 and the consequent world food crisis has had macro-economic problems (inflation, trade deficits, fiscal pressure), increased poverty and political instability. This challenge, coupled with the consequences of environmental degradation, water scarcity, urbanization and climate stress, call for the urgent development of sustainable agriculture has mostly been ignored in Euro-Mediterranean relations, due to strong opposition from the EU. However, academics and policymakers have increasingly acknowlendged that agriculture that needs to be placed at the core of Euro-Mediterranean regional cooperation. Given the sensitiveness and strategic importance of agriculture for both shores of the Mediterranean, the IAI and the OCP Policy Center jointly organized a two-day conference in Rabat on November 20-21, 2014, to discuss food security and agriculture challeges in the framework of Euro-Mediterranean relations. The present colume collects the updated and revised versions of the twelve papers that were discussed in that meeting.
Inequality is a global concern, for its social and human consequences, and its impact on the pace and pattern of economic growth. In India and Brazil, this issue has received increasing attention in recent years. In Brazil, inequality grew until the 1980s, when it reached extreme levels, but has since been declining, especially during the first decade of the twenty-first century. In India, inequality showed little change up to the 1980s, but has since been rising. These differences result from a variety of economic, social and political factors, which are examined in depth in this comparative study. The book examines inequality in overall distributions of income and expenditure, and disparities across gender, region, caste, race, and access to education. It compares the experience of the two countries, and draws conclusions on the types of policy frameworks and institutions that might lead to a more equitable pattern of growth.
Being a Sustainable Firm: Takeaways for a Sustainability-oriented Management addresses strategies and management issues related to the latest innovations in the field of sustainability. It jointly provides theoretical and empirical contributions to give an overall view of the main issues and methods in sustainability management. It highlights opportunities, limits and challenges related to a management of sustainability innovation. It analyzes how firms become sustainable by applying the circular economy framework and accountability tools. It also presents a series of case studies in sectors particularly interested in sustainable development, including fashion, hospitality, and private-public partnerships for local sustainable communities. The book discusses the 2030 Agenda key goals, paying attention to SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, and SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns for their interrelations and their managerial implications at organizational and industry level. The volume also deals with the EU SDG indicators set and interconnections in order to have a deeper understanding of the social and environmental reporting systems for specific sectors. Based on this approach, the book examines critical issues in sustainability assessment, corporate challenges and sustainability models. The book provides useful support for scholars in managerial disciplines, such as strategy, operations and digitalization, international business, as well as in areas that involve social and environmental reporting systems and performance evaluation. It will be a valuable guide for researchers wishing to enhance their knowledge in this area of research and gives takeaways for managers and practitioners for implementing sustainable practices and actions. - Uses case studies, guidelines and sustainability reporting tools to compare different sustainability areas and understand critical issues, approaches and performance evaluation systems within the circular economy framework - Devotes specific chapters to SDG goals 9, 11 and 12 and the related sets of indicators to outline the coordinates within which firms manage sustainability in specific business areas. - Provides useful insights on ESG parameters and corporate sustainability to entrepreneurs, managers, practitioners, and stakeholders in the cutting-edge sectors of sustainability management
This monograph examines the failure of the Portuguese Escudo Monetary Zone and the birth of new monetary and financial systems in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Examining colonial and post-colonial times, Mata analyses the decision to build a Portuguese monetary area in the early 1960s and mid-1970s when the decolonisation process was peaking. This book offers some important lessons regarding the functioning and dismantling of monetary areas, and on the importance of central-banks’ co-operation.
In the years since Fidel Castro came to power, the migration of close to one million Cubans to the United States continues to remain one of the most fascinating, unusual, and controversial movements in American history. María Cristina García—a Cuban refugee raised in Miami—has experienced firsthand many of the developments she describes, and has written the most comprehensive and revealing account of the postrevolutionary Cuban migration to date. García deftly navigates the dichotomies and similarities between cultures and among generations. Her exploration of the complicated realm of Cuban American identity sets a new standard in social and cultural history.
This comprehensive, easy-to-use Adventure Guide opens the door to our unique country for the independent traveler. -- Honduran Institute of Tourism. This guidebook by Maria Fiallos is the best coverage of Honduras available. All the dive sites, all the restaurants, and all the hotels from budget to luxury. The author is a real expert, and the information is fresh and complete. -- Melanie, Amazon reviewer. A great new resource --Travel + Leisure. Bursting with relevant and exciting information... -- Booklist. These useful travel guides are highly recommended... -- Library Journal. Pristine coral reefs, tropical waters, rainforests, and rivers meandering through jungles wait to be explored. Parks cover 24% of the country's area, where jaguars and giant anteaters reside. Coastal wetlands are home to monkeys, manatees, alligators and waterfowl. The north or Caribbean coast has mile upon mile of white sand beaches and lush tropical vegetation. Just 30 miles offshore are the Bay Islands, famous for first-class diving on the second-largest barrier reef in the world. The ancient Maya ruins of Copan, a famed archaeological World Heritage Site, guard the secrets of the ancestors of the modern Mesoamerican men whose faces closely resemble those carved in stelae. The hieroglyphic stairway in Copan is the largest in the Maya world. Weekly open-air markets offer ripe mangos, oranges, bananas, avocados and tomatoes, adding charm and color to the country villages, where most people reside in whitewashed adobe houses with red tile roofs. This guide, by a lifelong resident, tells you everything about the history, the culture, the foods, how to get around, the recommended places to stay and eat, plus the activities and adventures, from cooking classes to monkey-spotting in the cloud forests. Honduras is just south of Belize and Guatemala, north of Costa Rica and Panama. Our guides on each of those countries have been strong sellers. WHY VISIT HONDURAS? Great diving on the second-largest barrier reef in the world. The Maya ruins of Copan, a UNESCO World Heritage site. 112 protected areas, parks and reserves. River rafting, kayaking, hiking, biking, horseback riding in the midst of exuberant tropical nature. The most protected cloud forests in the world, with 35 reserves. The Ro Platano Reserve of Man Biosphere, a UNESCO World Heritage site. La Moskitia, the largest rainforest region in Central America. Print edition is 500 pages.
Lisbon and the Pyrenees form the basis of this lively collection of firsthand accounts of travel within Portugal and Spain in the early nineteenth century.
An invaluable tool for learners of Portuguese, this Frequency Dictionary provides a list of the 5000 most commonly used words in the language. Based on a twenty-million-word collection of Portuguese (taken from both Portuguese and Brazilian sources), which includes both written and spoken material, this dictionary provides detailed information for each of the 5000 entries, including the English equivalent, a sample sentence, and an indication of register and dialect variation. Users can access the top 5000 words either through the main frequency listing or through an alphabetical index. Throughout the frequency listing there are also thrity thematically-organized ‘boxed’ lists of the top words from a variety of key topics such as sports, weather, clothing and relations. An engaging and highly useful resource, A Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese will enable students of all levels to get the most out of their study of Portuguese vocabulary. Former CD content is now available to access at www.routledge.com/9780415419970 as support material. Designed for use by corpus and computational linguists it provides the full text in a format that researchers can process and turn into suitable lists for their own research work.
Some things that are hidden from view were meant to remain hidden, but others are preordained to reappear at destiny?s prompting. An artist might conceal the fervent brushwork of his original sentiment under fresh layers of paint?but the underlying image often begs to resurface. Such is the sentiment of this story. Having been kept a secret for twenty-six years, it wants to live again.The story begins when Cassidy Hamilton, a San Francisco woman, moves into a Victorian apartment, and discovers a hidden drawer tucked behind the baseboard of a built-in china cabinet. Inside the drawer is the journal of Savannah Curtis, a woman who lived in the same Victorian apartment twenty-six years earlier. The journal reveals the story of Alfonso Madrigal, a Spanish flamenco guitarist, who meets Savannah, an artist and art appraiser, when he seeks to authenticate a painting that is thought to be the work of Pablo Picasso--a painting that has a mysterious pentimento that?s just beginning to resurface. Neither of them is looking for the other, and yet when Alfonso Madrigal finds himself attending Savannah?s art lecture one Indian summer in 1977, events from that day forward conspire to irretrievably change both their lives?and the lives of those who knew them.Midwinter Turns to Spring explores the nature of love that endures long after the frills of romance and infatuation have fallen away. It also speculates the outcomes of paths taken and not taken, as well as the punishments and rewards of those that choose to love. It is rich in hidden meanings, metaphors and deep spiritual insights that keep delivering well after the story ends. This is the first novel that comes with its own music soundtrack consisting of songs also written by the author, Maria Veloso. The music CD soundtrack was produced, arranged, co-written and performed by Zendrik.
The Student Activities Manual is divided into two sections: the workbook and the lab manual. The Student Activities Manual provides additional written practice (generally used as homework) and corresponds with the sections of the student text.
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