This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in physics and mathematics who seek to understand the basics of supersymmetry from a mathematical point of view. It provides a bridge between the physical and mathematical approaches to the superworld. The physicist who is devoted to learning the basics of supergeometry can find a friendly approach here, since only the concepts that are strictly necessary are introduced. On the other hand, the mathematician who wants to learn from physics will find that all the mathematical assumptions are firmly rooted in physical concepts. This may open up a channel of communication between the two communities working on different aspects of supersymmetry.Starting from special relativity and Minkowski space, the idea of conformal space and superspace is built step by step in a mathematically rigorous way, and always connecting with the ideas and notation used in physics. While the book is mainly devoted to these important physical examples of superspaces, it can also be used as an introduction to the field of supergeometry, where a reader can ease into the subject without being overwhelmed with the technical difficulties.
Biomedical applications of Polymers from Scaffolds to Nanostructures The ability of polymers to span wide ranges of mechanical properties and morph into desired shapes makes them useful for a variety of applications, including scaffolds, self-assembling materials, and nanomedicines. With an interdisciplinary list of subjects and contributors, this book overviews the biomedical applications of polymers and focuses on the aspect of regenerative medicine. Chapters also cover fundamentals, theories, and tools for scientists to apply polymers in the following ways: Matrix protein interactions with synthetic surfaces Methods and materials for cell scaffolds Complex cell-materials microenvironments in bioreactors Polymer therapeutics as nano-sized medicines for tissue repair Functionalized mesoporous materials for controlled delivery Nucleic acid delivery nanocarriers Concepts include macro and nano requirements for polymers as well as future perspectives, trends, and challenges in the field. From self-assembling peptides to self-curing systems, this book presents the full therapeutic potential of novel polymeric systems and topics that are in the leading edge of technology.
This survey assembles recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality and analyzes the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. Using recent evidence, the survey discusses the nature and roots of informal economic activity across countries, distinguishing between informality as the result of exclusion and exit. The survey provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular, policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the transition from informality to formality, lend support to newly created firms, reduce or eliminate inconsistencies across regulation and government agencies, increase information flows, and increase enforcement.
Following the succesful publication of "Proteome and Protein Analysis" in 2000, which was based on a former MPSA (Methods in Protein Structure Analysis) conference, "Methods in Proteome and Protein Analysis" presents the most interesting papers from the 14th MPSA meeting. Major topics include: X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry or cryo-electron microscopy tomography and different experimental approaches for the study of very large multi-subunit molecular nanomaschines; development of high throughput methods for large-scale protein expression and purification and automatic data acquisition for structure determination by both X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy; mechanisms of protein folding and misfolding in vitro and in vivo; protein-protein interactions; analysis of post-translational modifications; the classification, prediction of structure or functional sites, and evolution of protein folds and functions. TOC: Includes 25 chapters organized in the following parts: Structural Proteomics Proteome Analysis Structure-Function Correlations Protein-Protein Interaction Advanced Technologies Protein Sequencing and Amino Acids Analysis Bioinformatics
The Mediterranean Basin, one of the five mediterranean-climate regions of the world, seems particularly suitable as a model system in which to integrate the study of species divergence (macroevolution) with that of population differentiation (microevolution), as it has been evidenced that both ecological specialization and geographical isolation have been primary determining factors to explain its high biodiversity. In the Mediterranean area, the genus Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) provides a suitable plant group with which to link both the macro- and the microevolutionary approaches. It acts as a suitable proxy for the reconstruction of the biogeographical and climatological history of the Mediterranean area, spanning the transition from the subtropical climate of the Early Miocene to the typical Mediterranean environment of the present. On the other side, it includes many closely related groups of species, such as the Anthemis secundiramea group widespread across the Sicilian Channel, which provide suitable models to study the role of geographical and/or ecological diversification on a more local scale. Through the integration of phylogenetic, phylogeographical and eco-climatological reconstructions, this book shows that both macro- and microevolutionary approaches should be involved to understand patterns and processes in the evolution of biodiversity.
This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in physics and mathematics who seek to understand the basics of supersymmetry from a mathematical point of view. It provides a bridge between the physical and mathematical approaches to the superworld. The physicist who is devoted to learning the basics of supergeometry can find a friendly approach here, since only the concepts that are strictly necessary are introduced. On the other hand, the mathematician who wants to learn from physics will find that all the mathematical assumptions are firmly rooted in physical concepts. This may open up a channel of communication between the two communities working on different aspects of supersymmetry.Starting from special relativity and Minkowski space, the idea of conformal space and superspace is built step by step in a mathematically rigorous way, and always connecting with the ideas and notation used in physics. While the book is mainly devoted to these important physical examples of superspaces, it can also be used as an introduction to the field of supergeometry, where a reader can ease into the subject without being overwhelmed with the technical difficulties.
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