Cancer results from accumulated mutations in the genome. Sequencing is an accurate method to detect mutations. Second-generation sequencing technology, commonly referred to as next-generation sequencing technology, enables rapid, efficient and affordable DNA sequencing, and is transforming the scale and scope of cancer research. The technology is sufficiently flexible and affordable to allow sequencing of many cancer genomes, and thus facilitates both sequencing of samples from large patient cohorts and during disease progression in individual cancer patients. The high depths of redundant sequence coverage that can be obtained using some second-generation sequencing technologies, along with sequencing reads amplified from single DNA molecules, facilitate detection of subclones of cells in tumors. Large-scale genome sequencing of hundreds or even thousands of cancer samples is being conducted by several groups that aim to identify and characterize cancer driver mutations. Goals of such work, previously infeasible with Sanger sequencing instruments, are to use this information to improve cancer prognosis, diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making. The speed of data analysis is rate limiting, and investigators are struggling to accommodate and interpret the data deluge produced by second-generation technologies. In this chapter, we discuss cancer properties that are revealed by sequencing and the implication of such properties in experimental design and data interpretation. We describe past, current and upcoming sequencing technologies and the application of second-generation sequencing technologies in cancer genomics. Finally, we discuss the impact of second-generation sequencing technology in shaping personalized medicine.
This third edition is a comprehensive and extended study about the best known approaches for preparing the main types of glycosides, covering the classic and more recent glycosylation reactions used for preparing simple and challenging glycosides currently used as potent antiviral and antineoplastic drugs, or fluorogenic substrates used for enzymatic detection in cell biology. Besides, this new edition provides more examples of the glycosidic methodologies followed for preparing complex glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids and gangliosides used as adjuvants or as synthetic vaccines candidates. Also, additional mechanistic evidence is presented for better understanding of the glycosylation reaction, trying to identify the variables mainly depending on protecting and leaving groups, as well as catalyst and reaction condition which altogether directs the anomeric stereo control. A chapter on the glycoside hydrolysis is included in view of the increasing interest in the use of biomass as a natural and renewable source for obtaining important intermediates or products used in food or valuable materials. The author includes information in the characterization of glycosides section with the aim of giving additional tools for the structural assignment through NMR, X-Ray and mass spectra techniques.
This book presents methodologies suitable for the optimal design of control and diagnosis strategies for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) systems. One key feature of the methodologies presented is the use of modeling tools with an ideal balance between accuracy and computational burden. Particular emphasis is given to the useful combination of models within a hierarchical framework to reduce the experimental efforts required for characterization and testing. Such tools are proven to be highly effective for SOFC systems destined for both residential and transportation applications. Throughout the book, optimization is always conceived in such a way so as to allow the SOFC systems to work efficiently while guaranteeing safe thermal operation, as well as an extended lifetime. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers involved in the design of marketable SOFC systems. It gathers the knowledge and experience derived from other research and industry practice for which control and diagnosis have proven to be the main keys to success and market penetration.
Genomics has revolutionized biological research over the course of the last two decades. Genome maps of key agricultural species have offered increased understanding of the structure, organization, and evolution of animal genomes. Building upon this foundation, researchers are now emphasizing research on genome function. Published with the World Aquaculture Society, Functional Genomics in Aquaculture looks at the advances in this field as they directly relate to key traits and species in aquaculture production. Functional Genomics in Aquaculture opens with two chapters that provide a useful general introduction to the field of functional genomics. The second section of the book focuses on key production traits such as growth, development, reproduction, nutrition, and physiological response to stress and diseases. The final five chapters focus on a variety of key aquaculture species. Examples looking at our understanding of the functional genomes of salmonids, Mediterranean sea bass, Atlantic cod, catfish, shrimp, and molluscs, are included in the book. Providing valuable insights and discoveries into the functional genomes of finfish and shellfish species, Functional Genomics in Aquaculture, will be an invaluable resource to researchers and professionals in aquaculture, genetics, and animal science.
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