Parallel studies in septic shock and cancer led to the discovery of the endogenous factors named cachectin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), respectively, that were shown to be structurally and functionally similar. Further studies identified two forms of TNF, TNF-α and TNF-β. The anticipation that specific anti-TNF antibody might have therapeutic potential in the resolution of sepsis was not realized; however, anti-TNF-α agents have been shown to have dramatic therapeutic efficacy in a number of inflammatory diseases. Currently, there are five anti-TNF agents approved that are equally effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but exhibit differing efficacy in other inflammatory conditions. Three are full-length immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-TNF-α antibodies, one is an anti-TNF-α Fab fragment and another, a TNF receptor–Fc fusion protein. Their different structures reflect recent advances in our ability to apply genetic engineering for patient benefit.
Physiological Systems in Insects, Fourth Edition explores why insects have become the dominant animals on the planet. Sections describe the historical investigations that have led us to our current understanding of insect systems. Integrated within a basic physiological framework are modern molecular approaches that provide a glimpse of the genetic and evolutionary frameworks that testify to the unity of life on earth. This updated edition describes advances that have occurred in our understanding of hormone action, metamorphosis, and reproduction, along with new sections on the role of microbiomes, insecticide action and its metabolism, and a chapter on genetics, genomics and epigenetic systems. The book represents a collaborative effort by two internationally known insect physiologists who have instructed graduate courses in insect physiology. As such, it is the ideal resource for entomologists and those in other fields who may require knowledge of insect systems. - Presents updated information on key physiological principles - Covers detailed and instructive figures for visual enhancement - Provides flowing text without the interruption of citations - Includes evolutionary considerations throughout, also providing a discussion on the implications of molecular techniques and discoveries - Encourages further reading with a complete bibliography at end of each chapter
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