This authoritative book provides a deeply informed overview of contemporary Indigenous movements in Ecuador. Leading scholar Marc Becker traces the growing influence of the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) in the wake of a 1990 uprising, the launch of a new political movement called Pachakutik in 1995, and the election of Rafael Correa in 2006. Even though CONAIE, Pachakutik, and Correa shared similar concerns for social justice, they soon came into conflict with each other. Becker examines the competing strategies and philosophies that emerge when social movements and political parties embrace comparable visions but follow different paths to realize their objectives. In exploring the multiple and conflictive strategies that Indigenous movements have followed over the past twenty years, he definitively charts the trajectory of one of the Americas' most powerful and best organized social movements.
Revolutions are a commonly studied but only vaguely understood historical phenomenon. Now updated to include the perspectives of grassroots revolutionary movements and biographies of often marginalized voices, this clear and concise text extends our understanding with a critical narrative analysis of key case studies: the 1910–1920 Mexican Revolution; the 1944–1954 Guatemalan Spring; the 1952–1964 MNR-led revolution in Bolivia; the Cuban Revolution that triumphed in 1959; the 1970–1973 Chilean path to socialism; the leftist Sandinistas in Nicaragua in power from 1979–1990; failed guerrilla movements in Colombia, El Salvador, and Peru; and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela after Hugo Chávez’s election in 1998. Historian Marc Becker opens with a theoretical introduction to revolutionary movements, including a definition of what “revolution” means and an examination of factors necessary for a revolution to succeed. He analyzes revolutions through the lens of those who participated and explores the sociopolitical conditions that led to a revolutionary situation, the differing responses to those conditions, and the outcomes of those political changes. Each case study provides an interpretive explanation of the historical context in which each movement emerged, its main goals and achievements, its shortcomings, its outcome, and its legacy. The book concludes with an analysis of how elected leftist governments in the twenty-first century continue to struggle with issues that revolutionaries confronted throughout the twentieth century.
In June 1990, Indigenous peoples shocked Ecuadorian elites with a powerful uprising that paralyzed the country for a week. Militants insisted that the government address Indigenous demands for land ownership, education, and economic development. This uprising was a milestone in the history of Ecuador’s social justice movements, and it inspired popular organizing efforts across Latin America. While the insurrection seemed to come out of nowhere, Marc Becker demonstrates that it emerged out of years of organizing and developing strategies to advance Indigenous rights. In this richly documented account, he chronicles a long history of Indigenous political activism in Ecuador, from the creation of the first local agricultural syndicates in the 1920s through the galvanizing protests of 1990. In so doing, he reveals the central role of women in Indigenous movements and the history of productive collaborations between rural Indigenous activists and urban leftist intellectuals. Becker explains how rural laborers and urban activists worked together in Ecuador, merging ethnic and class-based struggles for social justice. Socialists were often the first to defend Indigenous languages, cultures, and social organizations. They introduced rural activists to new tactics, including demonstrations and strikes. Drawing on leftist influences, Indigenous peoples became adept at reacting to immediate, local forms of exploitation while at the same time addressing broader underlying structural inequities. Through an examination of strike activity in the 1930s, the establishment of a national-level Ecuadorian Federation of Indians in 1944, and agitation for agrarian reform in the 1960s, Becker shows that the history of Indigenous mobilizations in Ecuador is longer and deeper than many contemporary observers have recognized.
The South American country of Ecuador provides a fascinating case study for understanding the construction and emergence of race and ethnic identities. While themes of ethnic identities, indigeneity, and race relations are commonly examined in our respective disciplines, it is less common to bring together essays with from scholars from such a broad variety of disciplines. The papers collected in this volume provide an opportunity to explore indigeneity in comparative perspective with the rest of the region, as well as to highlight the historically important but understudied Afro-Ecuadorian perspectives. The essays in this volume break out of the common tropes and themes that scholars typically employ in their studies of race and ethnicity in Ecuador. In examining Afro-Ecuadorians and Indigenous peoples through the lens of politics, culture, religion, gender, and environmental concerns, we come to a better understanding of the problems and promises facing this country. These essays convey a large diversity of perspectives, disciplines, and issues that reflect the richness and complexities of the social processes that are present in Ecuador.
During the Second World War, the FDR administration placed the FBI in charge of political surveillance in Latin America. Through a program called the Special Intelligence Service (SIS), 700 agents were assigned to combat Nazi influence in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. The SIS’s mission, however, extended beyond countries with significant German populations or Nazi spy rings. As evidence of the SIS’s overreach, forty-five agents were dispatched to Ecuador, a country without any German espionage networks. Furthermore, by 1943, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover shifted the SIS’s focus from Nazism to communism. Marc Becker interrogates a trove of FBI documents from its Ecuador mission to uncover the history and purpose of the SIS’s intervention in Latin America and for the light they shed on leftist organizing efforts in Latin America. Ultimately, the FBI’s activities reveal the sustained nature of US imperial ambitions in the Americas.
The World Social Forum quickly became the largest political gathering in human history and continues to offer a direct challenge to the extreme inequities of corporate-led globalisation. It has expanded its presence and continues to be an exciting experiment in global and participatory democracy. The book's contributors have participated in World Social Forums around the globe. Recounting dozens of dramatic firsthand experiences, they draw on their knowledge of global politics to introduce the process, its foundations and relevance to ongoing transnational efforts toward democracy. This second edition of Global Democracy shows how the Forums have developed since their inception in 2001 and how they are now connected with other global movements including Occupy, the Arab Spring and beyond.
This volume collects the proceedings of the First Latin American Communist Conference, organized in Buenos Aires, Argentina in June 1929 by the South American Secretariat of the Moscow-based Communist International (Comintern). The Conference was the first and in some ways only opportunity that communists in Latin America had to engage in a broad discussion of the most important problems and challenges that they faced. The topics that the assembled delegates addressed – including militarism, anti-imperialism, trade union issues, and racial discrimination – were all central to the question of how to organise a strong revolutionary movement. This major documentary collection of the Latin American Communist movement, newly translated into English and with a substantial introduction, remains surprisingly relevant to our world today. With an introduction by Victor Jeifets and Lazar Jeifets.
Mit der zunehmenden Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt ist ein beschleunigter Strukturwandel verbunden, der veränderte Qualifikationsprofile und damit neue Herausforderungen für die berufliche Aus- und Weiterbildung mit sich bringt. Betriebe, berufliche Schulen und andere Bildungsinstitutionen müssen darauf in angemessener Weise reagieren. Der Band nimmt die vielfältigen Anforderungen an Lehrende, Lernende und Bildungsinstitutionen der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung in den Blick und stellt aktuelle Ergebnisse zum Lernen im digitalen Zeitalter zur Verfügung.
Quantitative equity management techniques are helping investors achieve more risk efficient and appropriate investment outcomes. Factor investing, vetted by decades of prior and current research, is growing quickly, particularly in in the form of smart-beta and ETF strategies. Dynamic factor-timing approaches, incorporating macroeconomic and investment conditions, are in the early stages but will likely thrive. A new generation of big data approaches are rendering quantitative equity analysis even more powerful and encompassing.
Authored by three prominent specialists in the field, this text provides comprehensive coverage of diagnostic and treatment modalities for optimal glaucoma management. Revised throughout, this new edition presents the latest guidance in clinical examination, randomized trials, medical treatment, laser therapy, and surgical procedures. Hundreds of illustrations-with many classic black and white figures from the previous editions supplemented with new color images-depict the features of glaucomas and step-by-step procedures for their management, while expanded use of highlighted boxes, lists, and summary tables make the material easy to access. Evidence-based and updated information on all aspects of the glaucomas-including physiology, genetics, interventional trials, and new surgical techniques-offer a well-rounded foundation of knowledge for making the most informed diagnoses and choosing the most effective course of treatment. Combines the cumulative experience of three prominent glaucoma specialists-addressing a full range of clinical needs for practitioners of all levels-for a uniquely written coherent perspective.Includes extensive references to current and historically important sources to provide comprehensive interpretation of the latest medical literature. Synthesizes a classical approach to the glaucomas-based on seven earlier editions spanning over 40 years-with the most up-to-date evidence-based and epidemiologically-derived classifications and outcomes.Coherently correlates with authoritative consensus documents on key areas of glaucoma, drawn up by the world-wide specialists of the World Glaucoma Association, and reprinted in the text.Revamps traditional teachings on the angle closure glaucomas, in concert with the newest international literature and technologies, to keep you up to date on the latest advances.Illustrates detailed surgical interventions applicable to the complete spectrum of clinical settings-from the developing world through contemporary operating rooms.Examines the newest and most promising developments in pharmacology, laser and surgical advances for glaucoma management, to enable you to choose the most effective patient approach.Illustrates invaluable but little-known instruments for clinical and research diagnoses, including optic nerve cupping scales, bleb assessment instruments, and more.
Authored by three prominent specialists in the field, this text provides comprehensive coverage of diagnostic and treatment modalities for optimal glaucoma management. Revised throughout, this new edition presents the latest guidance in clinical examination, randomized trials, medical treatment, laser therapy, and surgical procedures. Hundreds of illustrations—with many classic black and white figures from the previous editions supplemented with new color images—depict the features of glaucomas and step-by-step procedures for their management, while expanded use of highlighted boxes, lists, and summary tables make the material easy to access. Evidence-based and updated information on all aspects of the glaucomas—including physiology, genetics, interventional trials, and new surgical techniques—offer a well-rounded foundation of knowledge for making the most informed diagnoses and choosing the most effective course of treatment. Combines the cumulative experience of three prominent glaucoma specialists—addressing a full range of clinical needs for practitioners of all levels—for a uniquely written coherent perspective. Includes extensive references to current and historically important sources to provide comprehensive interpretation of the latest medical literature. Synthesizes a classical approach to the glaucomas—based on seven earlier editions spanning over 40 years—with the most up-to-date evidence-based and epidemiologically-derived classifications and outcomes. Coherently correlates with authoritative consensus documents on key areas of glaucoma, drawn up by the world-wide specialists of the World Glaucoma Association, and reprinted in the text. Revamps traditional teachings on the angle closure glaucomas, in concert with the newest international literature and technologies, to keep you up to date on the latest advances. Illustrates detailed surgical interventions applicable to the complete spectrum of clinical settings—from the developing world through contemporary operating rooms. Examines the newest and most promising developments in pharmacology, laser and surgical advances for glaucoma management, to enable you to choose the most effective patient approach. Illustrates invaluable but little-known instruments for clinical and research diagnoses, including optic nerve cupping scales, bleb assessment instruments, and more.
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